Critical thinking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 7

Critical thinking - Essay Example For once, social media was abuzz with a video which showed the impact that bullies in school have on general children. More than sensation, this video instilled fear in the minds of the people who were parents, teachers, and policy makers in education institutions. Would this have taken place if bullies were not treated to zero tolerance at school? Or was the world giving way to bullies and not actually creating an education system that controls such acts or thoughts, but succeeds in only controlling individuals? There is a strong suggestion that whether out of habit or frustration, the bully’s acts are only heightened when the school adopts a zero tolerance towards them and chooses to suppress them. Through our article we will take in all the aspects of bullying in school that we see in this and many other episodes around the world, and try to indicate why schools should not enforce zero tolerance policies in schools. To address the thesis the body has been divided into four main sections - Against Hope Hopened?, Psychological impact on children, Social Degradation and Demented Student Culture. The first section highlights the expectations of parents while sending their children to schools. The second section talks of the psychological aspect of bullying faced in schools. The third subheading underlines the anti-social implications of bullying and the fourth one emphasizes the recommended policies to be undertaken by schools to promote a healthy culture among students. Every time a child heads for school, his family looks forward to seeing him well educated and placed in a respectable position in the society. However, our education systems leave parents distraught when incidences of bullying and teen violence plague their child’s growth and personality development. While many worry about the safety of their children from these students, parents of bullies are

Romeo and Juliet and Much Ado About Nothing Essay Example for Free

Romeo and Juliet and Much Ado About Nothing Essay Introduction William Shakespeare was noted for his marvellous works in making plays such as Much Ado about Nothing and Romeo and Juliet. It is these two plays that will be analysed, comparing the love scenes, and showing how women, love, power and marriage in the time of Shakespeare, as his plays have a reflection on some aspects of the culture at his time. Romeo and Juliet In Romeo and Juliet, the lovers which were Romeo Montague and Juliet Capulet, had a secret, albeit forbidden relationship, due to their families in an ongoing feud with each other. Juliet, at the young age of 13, was pressured, and eventually commanded to (or else she would be disowned), marry Count Paris. This shows that around the time of Shakespeare, parents could make their daughter, even at young ages, marry a man even if they didnt want to. When Romeo and Juliet first glanced eyes on one another, fell in love and got married, showed how Juliet, defied her fathers wishes for her to marry someone. That he had chose for whatever reason. This showed that women were, at the time of Shakespeare, moving from a male dominated system, to a system where females were becoming self-dependant on their choices, showed when she chose Romeo over Prince Paris. As Capulet discovered the body of Juliet (when she faked her death) her father calls it as having it deflowered his daughter. Deflowered can be taken in two definitions as dictated in the dictionary: _1._ _To take away the virginity of (a woman)._ _2._ _To destroy the innocence, integrity, or beauty of; ravage._ _The American Heritage ® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition  copyright  ©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Updated in 2003. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved._ In this situation, it can be taken as both, but is more directed towards the second meaning, that Juliet had not reached the full age of a person, robbing her innocence of her young age, robbing her of lifes pleasures. When Romeo discovered the body of Juliet in the Crypt, not knowing that she was only in a drug induced coma, killed himself, in an attempt to join her in the afterlife with poison, while the same thought crossed Juliets mind when she awoke and saw the dead body of her love, Romeo; suiciding with his dagger in the process. This suicide was against the beliefs of Catholics, (which they were a both part of) who believed suicide will lead to Hell, and instead of the Religion of Love, and how the belief was instead that the suicide of two lovers with the intention of meeting one another will lead them to paradise. This showed the love that Romeo and Juliet had for each other; it went beyond the levels set by their families religion, and them crossing into another. Much Ado about Nothing In Much Ado about Nothing, the main characters, Claudio, Hero, Benedick and Beatrice, are each in a relationship. Claudio, who had recently returned triumph at war, falls in love with Hero, the beautiful young daughter of Leonato (the governor of Messina) and the cousin of Beatrice. Claudio discusses with his friend Don Pedro, the nobleman from Aragon about marrying Hero, within a few days of seeing her. The speed in which Claudio wanted to marry Hero is a demonstration of Love at First Sight, which could show how some people at around Shakespeares time, if they liked someone, asked in a short duration of time, to marry him/her. Marriages in this play were straight-forward, with the to-be Husbands being given a chance to decline marrying the other, which was what Claudio exactly did, after being shown what he believed to be shown Hero having sex with another man. With the constant arguments between Benedick and Beatrice in the play, they exchanged numerous vows, comments, offenses; to each other. But they were, in reality, in love with each other, as they exchanged comments that could easily be linked to admitting love such as this: _BENEDICK: What, my_ _DEAR_ _Lady Disdain! Are you yet living? BEATRICE: Is it possible disdain should die while she hath such meet food to feed it as Signior Benedick? Courtesy itself must convert to disdain, if you come in her presence._ This extract from the play shows that although Beatrice and Benedick are trading with each other negative comments, they are doing it in a playful manner, in a way that does not do that much damage, and expresses love. If Benedick truly did not like Benedick, he wouldve not used the word dear when he was addressing Beatrice In the above extract. The language of the time was in such a manner that it was possible to mix love and distain in the same sentence, something that has unfortunately not being carried on into modern English. Love was expressed also by writing poems, such as when Benedick was writing a poem for Beatrice and vice-versa. Although at the end of the play they spoke as if they did not love each other, the poems they wrote each other spoke for what they really had in their hearts. Shakespeares many poems also showed that people showed affection to each other in many forms, like writing poems to each other at around his time. Comparison of the Two Plays Romeo and Juliets love scenes are of young people falling in love. In Much  Ado about Nothing, a similar view is held between Claudio and Hero, but not in Benedick and Beatrice. Their love was more of a traditional way of loving, by slowly finding out if someone they loved had any sincerity towards them; whereas in Romeo and Juliet, they skipped that principle and went straight into the relationship parts of things, and agreed to be married in only one night. Women were presented in Romeo and Juliet as under men, whilst in Much Ado about Nothing they appeared like they had more rights and privileges. However, in both plays, intentions to marry were both conducted; the differences being that Romeo did not ask permission from either his father or Juliets father to get married, and instead only asked her to marry, whilst Claudio had to ask Leonato, Heros dad for her hand in marriage. This showed some people around Shakespeares time were moving from the idea that you had to ask permission to get married, and instead only asked the person they intended to marry for permission. Saying that, the actual marriage ceremony was similar, the difference being that Romeo and Juliet held their marriage privately with no witnesses except themselves and the Friar due to the situation, whilst in Much Ado about Nothing, there was a large group of people witnessing the marriages. This showed that people around that time could have their marriage conducted privately or publicly. The way the characters from both expressed love to each other was different. Romeo and Juliet expressed their love for each other in a very passionate, and fiery way, while Benedick and Beatrice had theirs disguised in the way they spoke to each other, and how they felt to one another. Claudio and Hero had a relationship, although they had a different way of expressing it. They did not make out with each other, nor did they use disguised words, they had a more indirect relationship. This ultimately shows how love was in Shakespeares time; it could be  expressed in many ways, as it is today. Conclusion Romeo and Juliet, and Much Ado about Nothing, were a reflection of Shakespeares times, the way love, power, marriage and women were at the time. His plays portrayed how he interpreted the customs were of the time, as well as give an insight into the language of the time (although he did invent many words into it).

An Analysis of Homais as an instrument of satire in Flauberts, Madame B

An analysis of Homais as an instrument of satire In Flaubert’s satiric novel, the story’s apothecary is used to convey Flaubert’s views of the bourgeois. As a vehicle for Flaubert’s satire, Homais is portrayed as opportunistic and self-serving, attributes that Flaubert associated with the middle class. Homais’ obsession with social mobility leads him to commit despicable acts. His character and values are also detestable. He is self-serving, hypocritical, opportunistic, egotistical, and crooked. All these negative characteristics are used by Flaubert to represent and satirize specific aspects of middle class society. More specific issues that are addressed include Homais’ superficial knowledge, religious hypocrisy, and pretentiousness. Furthermore, his status as a secondary character suggests his significance to the satire. If Emma is meant to portray the feminine aspect of the bourgeois then Homais is undoubtedly meant to represent the masculine aspect. Flaubert wanted to ridicule and crit icize the bourgeois class. By including Homais, Flaubert is able to satirize all the negative aspects of middle class society within a single novel. In adolescence and throughout much of his life, Gustave Flaubert regarded the bourgeois existence as an â€Å"immense, indistinct, unmitigated state of mindlessness† (Wall 29-31). He vented his contempt for the bourgeois in many of his works. In his Dictionary of Received Ideas he proclaims:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Each bourgeois phrase, each bourgeois feeling, each bourgeois opinion is touched by the hilarious dismaying suspicion of fakery. Solemnly and energetically proclaiming their clichà ©s to each other, perhaps the bourgeois are indeed simply machines. They are stuck, like busy automata, in their perpetual false consciousness† (Wall 29-31). In Madam Bovary, Gustave Flaubert uses Homais as one of the central figures of his satire. Homais, Yonville’s apothecary and the Bovarys’ neighbor, is used as a vehicle to ridicule the values and principles of the French middle class. True to this, Homais is depicted as an overly ambitious, self-important fool. For example, Flaubert creatively stages arguments between Homais and the village priest in order to mock the bourgeois’s lack of spirituality. One encounter of note occurs on Emma’s deathbed soon after she has passed away. The Priest declares that there is nothing left but t... ...ften those who are selfish and opportunistic that are rewarded rather than the humble and honest. Homais is essentially a compilation of all the negative aspects of the bourgeois class that Flaubert detested so much; he is a crafty hypocrite, a medical charlatan, a self-important know-it-all, and a quack. â€Å"He serves to expose the ideological decay of an erstwhile revolutionary class† (Wall 28). Certainly, Flaubert’s attack on 19th-century French middle class society is both complete and thorough, but at the same time subtle and smooth. Primary Sources Flaubert, Gustave. Intimate Notebook 1840 – 1841. Trans. Francis Steegmuller. New York: Doubleday & Company, 167. Flaubert, Gustave. Madame Bovary. Trans. Geoffrey Wall. London: Penguin, 1992. Secondary Sources Thody, Philip. Reference Guide to World Literature. 2nd ed. New York: St. James Press,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1995. Wall, Geoffrey. Introduction. Madame Bovary. By Flaubert, Gustave. London: Penguin, 1992. Bibliography Brombert, Victor. The Novels of Flaubert: A study of themes and techniques. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1966. Kenner, Hugh. The Stoic Comedians. Boston: Beacon Press, 1962

Eating Disorders and Image in Girl, Interrupted Essay -- Diseases, Dis

Fact and Fiction paper #2 Psychopathology Every single day women are faced with the questions of whether they are pretty enough, skinny enough, whether men are attracted to them, whether they can be loved or not, and whether people think they are beautiful. Images of â€Å"beautiful† females are plastered all over the media, commercials, Internet, movies, TV shows, ad campaigns, etc. In today’s society the â€Å"perfect female proportions† are nearly impossible for one to healthily obtain, but this does not stop women of all ages to going through impossible measures in order to be one step closer to what they consider â€Å"perfection.† For many girls all ages, shapes, sizes, around the world, eating disorders are becoming more prevalent for weight loss because of the fact that results occur much faster than a healthy weight loss regiment. Daisy Randone, a character in the movie Girl Interrupted played by Brittany Murphy, is no different. Daisy constantly compared her appearance and weight to those of TV actresses, women in the media and models, and found herself to be repulsive. Daisy constantly tried to hide her anorexia from friends, family, nurses and doctors. She soon saw herself developing a very severe case of major depression disorder because of the negative feelings she felt about herself, her life, and her relationships. Daisy’s eating disorder was much more apparent to others, that it masked her major depressive disorder that she was also currently struggling with. Throughout this paper I will discuss the following topics: 1. Daisy’s behavior and why I believe it reflects this particular disorder 2. The definition and explanation of what anorexia nervosa is. 3. The etiology of Daisy’s specific case of anorexia nervosa. 4. ... ...eatable, with the right time, effort, and tools one can overcome anorexia and learn to live a normal, healthy lifestyle, where they are happy and proud of their appearance and weight. Works Cited American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author. Levenkron, S. (1997). Treating and Overcoming Anorexia Nervosa. New York, NY: A Time Warner Company. Dryden-Edwards, R. (n.d.). Anorexia nervosa. Retrieved from http://www.medicinenet.com/anorexia_nervosa/article.htm dictionary.com. In (2009). HarperCollins Publishers. Retrieved from http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/stigma Hall, L. (1999). Anorexia Nervosa: A Guide to Recovery. Carlsbad, CA: Gurze Books. Treasure, J. (1999). Anorexia Nervosa: A Survival’s Guide. East Sussex, UK: Psychology Press Ltd.

Criminal Justice Essay

In my essay I will explicate how the various aspect of criminal justice relate to one another as well as why it so important in society. Criminal Justice refers to the facet of social justice that concern violators of criminal law. The community interest within the criminal justice system demands the apprehension and punishment of law violators (Schmalleger, 2012, pg. 7). The concept of criminal justice is that someone or persons accused of crimes are innocent till proven guilty though the proof is overwhelming. The three major elements of the criminal justice system are the police, the courts and the correctional facility and everyone play a major role within the criminal justice system. These processes involve a series of steps starting with a criminal investigation and ending with the discharge of a convicted offender from correctional supervision. The primary element of the criminal justice system is law enforcement. Police are public agencies whose functions are to take care of order within the community, manage crime by implementing the criminal law, and supply accommodations. They assist the prosecution by getting proof compulsory to convict an offender in court. Within the policing method the subsequent problems are dealt with: the crime, initial contact either with the victim or the suspect, investigation, apprehend and custody. The second element is that the court system. This is where the person charged with committing a criminal offense has their case determined by a judge or jury. It’s within the court system where justice and truth prevails. It’s the prosecutors’ job to ascertain his or her case. The defense is there for the offender and therefore the judge is there to stay order on each side. Within the court process charging, preliminary hearing perceiving of whether or not or not an arraignment or grand jury hearing, bail or detention, plea negotiations, trail/adjudication and sentencing takes place. Lastly is the correctional facility. At Tallahatchie County Correctional Facility we’ve been told that our agencies purpose is to up hold the penalization that was imposed by the court, to rehabilitate, and maintain safety. Whether public or behind the fence, we must maintain safety. During this stage it’s determined whether or not you go home or to jail, parole/probation or house apprehend. These agencies process suspects, defendants, and convicted offenders and are interdependent insofar because the selections of one agency have an effect on different agencies. The importance of criminal justice system in our society goes without verbally expressing. If you take a glance around without those systems in place crime rates would be at an all-time high. Applied to society, criminal justice is the system that guarantees fairness and equal treatment to any underneath its guidance. The agencies directly or indirectly associated with the criminal justice system have an effect on everything that transpires in our everyday lives. Law enforcement ascertains that laws are being obeyed; judges ascertain that people who transgress the law are penalization fairly and attorneys ascertain that everybody has a voice in a court of law. The components of the criminal justice system are the police, courts and corrections. All of these components have on common goal and that’s to protect society from crime and criminals. Our criminal justice system plays a vital role in ensuring that this is done. Without our criminal justice system it would be like the quote from Dr. Martin Luther King; â€Å"Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere†.

Employment Law Essay

Employment Law Essay Free Online Research Papers The purpose of this report is to investigate an exact, theoretical employment situation encountered and to include the information regarding employment conflicts, questions, grievances, lawsuits, etc., in terms of how the situation was handled or resolved. Employment situations are a constant issue every day in any organization; it is how you handle them both legally and professionally that counts. Situation In this circumstance, an employee that is new to office politics was constantly making insulting and racial remarks. The remarks the employee was making were not deliberately insulting or racial, the employee did made the remarks ignorantly. The employee would make remarks such as â€Å"well, all the people who live in that neighborhood are white and rich† and â€Å"old people should not drive. Anyone over the age of 50 should be restricted from driving. They always cut me off. Forget it if they are Asian, it doesn’t matter what their age is.† These comments are against the diversity policy at the company the employee is employed. More than a few other employees had made other remarks in regards to comments made about African Americans and Asians from the employee. Several employees brought it to the attention of the employee’s manager to address. Federal Employment Laws The employee is in violation of federal laws that protect employees regarding insulting or racially remarks. According to Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, it is illegal to harass someone because of the persons race or color, religion, sex, pregnancy, childbirth and national origin including membership in a Native American tribe (Cheeseman, 2007). The Civil Rights Act is not just for employers but employees as well. When the employee was confronted about the situation, they said that the person he said these things to was agreeing with him. The situation was brought to the employee’s attention that it was not that particular employee that complained, rather a group of people who overheard this. Of course, this upset the employee stating that the other employees were eavesdropping and should not have been listening to his conversations. The manager had to remind the employee of the laws pertaining to harassment and that it did not matter if he had said it directly or i ndirectly to the offended employees. The Effectiveness of the Law The employee had received training in diversity and had completed a required tutorial on workplace harassment. The law is very clear in respect to workplace harassment and the employee was reprimanded appropriately. As he questioned his actions and what exactly he had done, the law provided very specific answers. When reminded of his tutorials, he abdicated that he had done wrong and accepted the consequences. Actions Required by Law Appropriate action is required by law. Once information is gathered it must be concluded as to whether or not some form of discrimination or harassment occurred. It is up to the company to decide how to punish the employee if a decision has been made for punishment. A discipline measure might be termination of the employee because in some cases of harassment and discrimination termination could be an option. Any employee can make a complaint to the Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) which would help with a discrimination case (Cheeseman, 2007). Contract Employees Contract employees working on behalf of the organization are as legally obligated to follow all employment laws and are as protected as full-time employees. If the contract employee was the offender, immediate dismissal could occur as long as it did not conflict with the contract between them and the organization. Most contracts have a clause which includes HR policies and procedures and what the contract employee is required or not required to do or to abide by. For example, a temporary employee is a contract employee. If they are harassed by a full-time employee, the temporary agency may act on their behalf and file a complaint against the employee and the organization. The same is true if the situation was reversed. If a contract or temporary employee violates employment laws, the organization may bring charges again the individual or the organization in which the contract employee is contracted from. The harasser can be the victims supervisor, manager, or coworker. An employer ma y even be liable for harassment by a nonemployee (such as a vendor or customer), depending on the circumstances (Findlaw.com, 2008). Unions According to San Francisco lawyer, Michael Mortimer (2006) labor law and employment law are not the same. Labor Law refers to state and federal laws related to organized labor, labor unions, union contracts, grievance procedures and a federal regulating body called the National Labor Relations Board (Cheeseman, 2007). Employment laws and labor laws are different. Employment laws usually only deal with matters that are nonunion. Many state and federal laws pertain equally to all unions (Mortimer, 2006). Conclusion In order to answer this question appropriately, the manager would have to consult the contract in which the employee or employees are under. As noted above, most union contracts have specifics in their contract related to discrimination and/or harassment; however, in this situation, most likely the employees would not have to go through the union to file a complaint against the offender; however, the offender would have certain protections in relation to his contract. References Brown, S. Sessions, J. (2005). Employee Attitudes, Earnings and Fixed-Term Contracts: International Evidence. Review of World Economics, 141(2), 296-317. Retrieved December 22, 2008, from ABI/INFORM Global database. (Document ID: 1569666441). Cheeseman, H. R. (2007). The legal environment of business and online commerce. [University of Phoenix Custom Edition e-text].Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Retrieved December 8, 2008, from University of Phoenix, rEsource, BUS415, Business Law Course Website Find Law website. (2008). Griggs v. Duke Power Company. Retrieved December 9, 2008, from http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=USvol=401invol=424 Mortimer, M., 2006. Employment Law and Labor Law. Employlaw.com retrieved May 19, 2008 from: employlaw.com/hoffa.ht Research Papers on Employment Law EssayExempt vs Non-Exempt EmployeesThe Legal ProcessWhat are Stock OptionsThe Equal Rights AmendmentEthics in Business EssayGap Analysis: Lester ElectronicsJean-Jaques Rousseau EmileConflict Resolution TacticsInternational PaperDeontological Teleological Theories

Animal Farm and acts of violence essays

Animal Farm and acts of violence essays Orwells satire, Animal Farm, illustrates how a shifting of power results in a creation of haves and have-nots, through the act of violence. Violence is significant in this novel for it instigates the effects of a change in authority, and sustains any attained power. Revolutions erupt by those who feel they are becoming controlled by the behavior of others. Restrictions are either set or more freedoms are offered as opposing sides form, in the search of unlimited and absolute control. The violent scenes create an understanding of the manipulation towards the working class and their agony. Through hostility, the animals search for an improved life, by threatening assault. As a result of persistent violence from the animals, they achieve unlimited freedom towards work and pleasure. Although, their decisions are flexible, work is difficult without the help of man. Napoleon negatively uses intimidation and his mounting power to influence the animals lives. The animals fear for their lives as Napoleon recognizing his state of superiority. As Napoleon replaces the role of humans, the animals respect a fellow animal in charge, but are naive of his violent human-like tactics of cruelty. The pigs undoubtedly have more freedom since they do as the please, but it is done to the expense of the other animals labor. Nonetheless, the farm animals acquire a sense of pride and achievement, as they perform their duties for themselves only. However, their lives remain miserable, while the pigs lives thrive with luxury. Sympathies are felt for the farm animals that cant prevent the consolidation of power. Once the major violence subsides, their labor increases as their food supply decreases. Through the acts of violence, the animals instantly become controlled by the pigs, leaving the other animals lives depressing. The animals receive no authority from the dominating pigs as they ruthlessly state al...

History of the X-Ray

History of the X-Ray All light and radio waves belong to the electromagnetic spectrum and are all considered different types of electromagnetic waves, including: microwaves and infrared bands whose waves are longer than those of visible light (between radio and the visible)and UV, EUV, X-rays, and g-rays (gamma rays) with shorter wavelengths. The electromagnetic nature of x-rays became evident when it was found that crystals bent their path in the same way as gratings bent visible light: the orderly rows of atoms in the crystal acted like the grooves of a grating. Medical X-rays X-rays are capable of penetrating some thickness of matter. Medical x-rays are produced by letting a stream of fast electrons come to a sudden stop at a metal plate; it is believed that X-rays emitted by the Sun or stars also come from fast electrons. The images produced by X-rays are due to the different absorption rates of different tissues. Calcium in bones absorbs X-rays the most, so bones look white on a film recording of the X-ray image, called a radiograph. Fat and other soft tissues absorb less and look gray. Air absorbs the least, so lungs look black on a radiograph. Wilhelm Conrad Rà ¶ntgen - First X-ray On 8 Nov 1895, Wilhelm Conrad Rà ¶ntgen (accidentally) discovered an image cast from his cathode ray generator, projected far beyond the possible range of the cathode rays (now known as an electron beam). Further investigation showed that the rays were generated at the point of contact of the cathode ray beam on the interior of the vacuum tube, that they were not deflected by magnetic fields, and they penetrated many kinds of matter. A week after his discovery, Rontgen took an X-ray photograph of his wifes hand which clearly revealed her wedding ring and her bones. The photograph electrified the general public and aroused great scientific interest in the new form of radiation. Rà ¶ntgen named the new form of radiation X-radiation (X standing for Unknown). Hence the term X-rays (also referred as Rà ¶ntgen rays, though this term is unusual outside of Germany). William Coolidge X-Ray Tube William Coolidge invented the X-ray tube popularly called the Coolidge tube. His invention revolutionized the generation of X-rays and is the model upon which all X-ray tubes for medical applications are based. Other inventions of Coolidge: invention of ductile tungsten A breakthrough in tungsten applications was made by W. D. Coolidge in 1903. Coolidge succeeded in preparing a ductile tungsten wire by doping tungsten oxide before reduction. The resulting metal powder was pressed, sintered and forged to thin rods. A Very thin wire was then drawn from these rods. This was the beginning of tungsten powder metallurgy, which was instrumental in the rapid development of the lamp industry - International Tungsten Industry Association (ITIA) A computed tomography scan or CAT-scan uses  X-rays  to create images of the body.  However, a radiograph (x-ray) and a  CAT-scan  show different types of information. An x-ray is a two-dimensional picture and a CAT-scan is three-dimensional. By imaging and looking at several three-dimensional slices of a body (like slices of bread) a doctor could not only tell if a tumor is  present but roughly how deep it is in the body. These slices are no less than 3-5 mm apart. The newer spiral (also called helical) CAT-scan takes continuous pictures of the body in a spiral  motion so that there are no gaps in the pictures collected. A CAT-scan can be three dimensional because the information about how much of the X-rays are passing through a body is collected not just on a flat piece of film, but on a computer. The data from a CAT-scan can then be computer-enhanced to be more sensitive than a plain radiograph. Inventor of the Cat-scan Robert Ledley was the inventor of CAT-Scans a diagnostic x-Ray system. Robert Ledley was granted patent #3,922,552 on November 25th in 1975 for a diagnostic X-ray systems also known as CAT-Scans.

Should public policy be directed exclusively at growth promotion for Essay

Should public policy be directed exclusively at growth promotion for the attainment of overall societal goals - Essay Example Social goal responsibility is the art putting goals of a certain co-corporate, institution knowledge or prosperity to be of collective concern within the community or society. This is generally speaking out the message of ‘we’ and ‘us’ rather than ‘I’ and ‘me’. Since the public policy is centered at the needs of the majority, then social goals becomes of great concern within an organization. Just like in a classroom, pupils or students usually have a collective goal of passing exams through discussions and consultations. While the only way of ensuring collective success in a society or a business organization is through the involved individuals having a collective goal at the expense of targeted and non-targeted society (Kimberly & Tamar, 2009). On the other hand individualistic goal is centered on one’s interest and desire that all opportunities that come on the way are utilized individually. This is directly linked with per sonal development and success. Therefore, public policy has more to do with promoting societal goal oriented programs rather than individualistic. Methodology This research study was conducted using qualitative data from library written materials like journals and electronic research like websites. However, some organizations hold their internal information private and hence full information is not available. Literature review According to John Long & Nerida Aitken, individual agreement is works well for employers as compared agreements of collective interests. Citing an employee pay in Australia, the employees covered by workplace agreement earns much better that those guarded by federal enterprise agreements. In addition the individualistic goals lowers the cost concerning company activities like documentation, transaction costs e.tc. Hence it is a more efficient way. It is also noted that individualism is equal to flexibility. The term flexibility can be used in wide range of iss ues including remuneration, operational requirements implementation of change by a company. However, individual practices do not necessarily warrant flexibility or individualized activities (Diener, 2009)). Practically, flexibility is dependent on the nature of the company enterprise, the proposed form of flexibility, the way in which the management and the employees are related as we as the number of employees and their benefits. This means that sometimes some employees of the company may decline to cooperate or to sign workplace policies offered by the state (Long & Aitken, 2001). The way individual agreements discussed and formed, are just done on individual basis. In addition, within an individualistic agreement their may still exist a collective ideology. However, concerning the individual agreements by the top management team, they will all have uniform individualistic idea concerning all the entire employees with some disagreements on the payroll, description of job as well a s the length of working hours (Long. J & Aitken. N, 2001). Individualistic goals are important in fostering increased commitment at work places. The is usually increased interaction between the individual employees and the employer hence individualism strengthens the psychological contract at the work place (Brown, W. 1999). This usually explains the role the employees in the company as well direction and stability of the business. On the issue of societal goal within a company, the employees can create a sense of mistrust to the employer if the perceived societal agreements are

A problem in civil engineering Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

A problem in civil engineering - Essay Example The effects of civil engineering to the environment start from its construction to its use i.e. the use of vehicles on the already built roads. All these have contributed to the environmental pollution. The most areas that civil engineering affects in the environment include the air, water and it defragments the habitats. All these effects are the main contributors of climate change (Moavenzadeh, 1994, p. 29). The main origin of this pollution is the construction sites. This is where all the activities take place. The main products in the construction site are the waste products. Construction is one of the economic activities that use natural resources but it produces wastes to the environment. These wastes are produced in very high quantities that cannot be disposed easily. There accumulation increasing in very short time. These wastes can be in form of gas, sand, stones, ceramic or glass. Other dangerous products include wood treated with metal oxides and the paints. All these wast es are produced in large quantities yet they cannot be recycled. This has given engineers hard times in trying to either to disposes or recycle them. Other products can be recycled but the problem is that they are already contaminated. Civil engineers have been forced to buy some landfills in order to dispose the wastes there. Deposition can be very hard more especially where some people refuse to sell their landfills for deposition (Moavenzadeh, 1994, p. 34). The construction wastes caused a lot of contamination on both land and the water. During construction, the fluids used are the main pollutants to the environment. At times, these fluids are pumped into the sewage but they also damage the sewage plants. For these plants to be repaired, they require high cost and this cause too much inconveniences to the authorities involved. To avoid all these problems, all waste paint used should be collected and recycled. Furthermore, water used for washing contains a lot of suspensions that may also cause some inconveniences in the sewage treatment. Construction also causes emission of dust and other gases into the air leading to air pollution. With increase in this air pollution, it leads to climate change. Dust can also cause visual impact. This leads to invisibility. Construction sites are also full of noise. Noise is air pollution. Noise is generated by the heavy machineries used for construction. However it is very important to research on the effects of civil engineering on the environment. The main objective of the research is to find the various ways in which the civil engineering activities affect the environment and the possible ways of reducing these effects (Moavenzadeh, 1994, p. 37). Task 2 Despite the positive impacts that civil engineering entails, there are also negative effects that the activity brings to the environment. These negative effects are increase as the civil engineering intensifies in most parts of the world. The need of more civil construc tions has made it difficult to reduce these civil engineering effects on the environment. However, there is a need to look at the way this civil construction affects the climate and to deduce the possible ways to reduce it. Research should be done to identify then factors that accelerate these effects and the ways of controlling the menace should be put in place. The hypothesis of this research is to identify how civil engineering affects the environment a

Joan of Arc Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Joan of Arc - Essay Example For this reason, the world continues to remember these people long after their demise. One such person who epitomizes selflessness is Joan of Arc, also known as the Maid of France. Joan of Arc overcame challenges that appeared insurmountable at her time and got unheralded achievements. Joan of Arc lived in an era when women did not take a centre stage in matters regarding leadership with male dominance being the order of the day. In the same period, nations engaged one another in wars, which made it a challenge for women to take a leading role. This expose gives an analysis of Joan of Arc's life and the accomplishments, which made her break from the traditional self-image of women. Commonly referred as the Maid of France, Joan of Arc was born in 1412 to Jacques d’Arc and Isabeau Romee, poor farmers at Domremy in the valley of the Meuse (Newman 431). As a young peasant girl, Joan received an education similar to other peasant girls. In this regard, she did not learn how to read and write, but Joan learnt sewing, spinning and repeating the Ave Maria. For someone who went through an informal system of education, it is ironical that Joan of Arc became a subject to many literary works by acclaimed authors. More ironical is that Joan of Arc died at the age of nineteen years (Stanhope 4). Nonetheless, famous English writers such as Shakespeare and Holinshed reviled Joan of Arc, while Southey and Schiller idealized her work with Voltaire ridiculing her (Stone 3). However, for a young girl whose childhood activities included tending to her father’s flocks and working in the field’s, Joan of Arc became a symbol of what Mark Twain referred as a â€Å"peerless human being† (Stone 5). In addition, Mark Twain called her â€Å"the most extraordinary person the human race has ever produced† with George Bernard Shaw calling her â€Å"the queerest fish among the eccentric worthies of the Middle Ages† (Knopf 151). As a young girl, Joan of Arc did not demonstrate any extraordinary acts of boldness and heroism. In fact, Joan of Arc appeared timid when speaking to strangers with her neighbors referring her as a simple-minded though a compassionate girl (Stanhope 4). Joan of Arc’s acts of compassion included tending and nursing the sick and accommodating any wayfarer who found their way to Joan’s home. In addition, Joan was an embodiment of a pious life, which in many cases made her a subject of ridicule by her neighbors and other people. In the fields, Joan would kneel and pray in solitude and go to church and make devotions, which made her spend her pastime in a manner different from the children her age (Stanhope 5). In effect, this young girl started defining her own path at an early age, differentiated from her age mates. Instead of spending time with her peers playing in the fields after spending the day herding or in the farms, Joan of Arc’s commitment to God at her age was exceptional. While Joan was growing up, France was undergoing a series of conflicts between them and England, in the famous period of the Hundred Years’ of War. During Joan’s life in particular, the infant King of England, Henry VI of England, was proclaimed King of France, leaving the rightful heir, Charles the dauphin, holding his weakened courts in a few French provinces (Barstow, â€Å"Joan of Arc† 31). At this time, Joan was only thirteen years, and she had started experiencing visions regarding her being the person who would deliver France

History courswork Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

History courswork - Essay Example Rivera’s economic policies to fund public works and industrialization were unpopular and, losing army support, he resigned in 1930. The Spanish voted by a large majority for a Republic and Alfonso went into exile in 1931. In the following general election, the Left Wing parties, led by the Socialists, won a definite majority. Manuel Azana became President and introduced agrarian reforms, advocated the autonomy of Catalonia and the Basque region, deprived the powerful Roman Catholic Church of its’ privileges, nationalized many of the large Spanish Estates and attempted to reduce the military’s hold over the country. By these measures, the Republican Government alienated four powerful groups: the landowners, the church, the military and the industrialists. After a failed military coup in 1932, these groups formed a new right wing political party called the CEDA. Agitations by the extreme left against the moderate Azana Government led to the call for General Electio ns in November 1933, in which the Right Wing won a majority and CEDA formed the government under Gil Robles. The Right undermined the previous reforms, again leading to violent strikes by the opposition. General Elections were again called in February 1936 and a coalition of Left political parties came to power as the Popular Front, with Azana again the President. Infighting among the constituents of the Front seriously undermined the authority of the government. The governments’ economic policies brought about a crisis and the workers went on strike. The Right Wing groups, which had formed a coalition called the National Front, started a military coup on 19 July, 1936 led by military officers like Francisco Franco. Franco led a successful revolt in Spanish Morocco and the Spanish Civil War began. The Republican and Nationalist armies were more or less on par, but the equation changed with the start of International intervention. Germany took the first step with the dispatch of military

Essay Questions Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 6

Questions - Essay Example , the khalifa, although with no prophetic function, continued as the leader of the Umayyads, with an ideology of unity and power of Islamic communities. This gave rise to the third Islamic ideology of jihad, i.e warfare, meant to defend or expand their rule and eliminate the monopoly of the Arabic rule. In Islam, religion dictates law. Hence, the propositions of jihad allowed war against non-Muslims, prohibited war within Muslims and usage of violence was allowed only to spread Islam. After the death of the last Umma leader, the Umayyads merely remained as an insignificant group as the Abbasid revolution started (747-750), with their new caliph Abu-al-Abbas-al-Saffah, and this group flourished until 1258, holding the power in Baghdad (Steams & Langer, 113). Although the Umayyads, Caliphates, and jihadis share Islamic ideologies, history revealed huge differences among these communities attributing to various interpretations of Quranic teachings. Enormous political and military oppositions emerged during the Islamicate period. The Umayyads were strongly united only until death of Uthman. Post this, intra-Muslim war broke out and continued up to a century. This war marked the beginning of Umayyads and Abbasids as two separate groups, and the Abbasids expanded vastly and for a very long period (Pipes, 67). Although the Abbasids raged war against non cooperative groups, their intention remained to create an atmosphere of peace through Islam. They invited and supported non-Muslim conversion to Islam to a great extent along with a commitment to provide security to all the Muslims. This security and noble causes helped the Abbasids expand their territory and flourish for many centuries. Therefore, the role of Abbasids in expanding Dar-al-Islam was greater than the Umayyads. The Ottoman Empire is considered as one of the largest and most influential Muslim empires of the later medieval ages. These invasions influenced trade, culture, politics and lifestyle

History courswork Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

History courswork - Essay Example Rivera’s economic policies to fund public works and industrialization were unpopular and, losing army support, he resigned in 1930. The Spanish voted by a large majority for a Republic and Alfonso went into exile in 1931. In the following general election, the Left Wing parties, led by the Socialists, won a definite majority. Manuel Azana became President and introduced agrarian reforms, advocated the autonomy of Catalonia and the Basque region, deprived the powerful Roman Catholic Church of its’ privileges, nationalized many of the large Spanish Estates and attempted to reduce the military’s hold over the country. By these measures, the Republican Government alienated four powerful groups: the landowners, the church, the military and the industrialists. After a failed military coup in 1932, these groups formed a new right wing political party called the CEDA. Agitations by the extreme left against the moderate Azana Government led to the call for General Electio ns in November 1933, in which the Right Wing won a majority and CEDA formed the government under Gil Robles. The Right undermined the previous reforms, again leading to violent strikes by the opposition. General Elections were again called in February 1936 and a coalition of Left political parties came to power as the Popular Front, with Azana again the President. Infighting among the constituents of the Front seriously undermined the authority of the government. The governments’ economic policies brought about a crisis and the workers went on strike. The Right Wing groups, which had formed a coalition called the National Front, started a military coup on 19 July, 1936 led by military officers like Francisco Franco. Franco led a successful revolt in Spanish Morocco and the Spanish Civil War began. The Republican and Nationalist armies were more or less on par, but the equation changed with the start of International intervention. Germany took the first step with the dispatch of military

ENG Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

ENG - Essay Example A speech community can also develop from sharing lifestyles, hobbies and interests. People are often members of more than one speech community as they traverse from childhood to adulthood. Multiplexity is a degree of the types of relationships among members in a community. It is an important aspect of speech communities derivative from observing the ways in which persons are related. Each of these communities has their identity, culture, rules of membership that an individual has to adapt to. This essay seeks to identify a person’s journey across and between speech communities from childhood to adulthood. At childhood, a child is born to a speech community, the family. It is the basic speech community that the child has to adapt to their rules of membership, language and cultures. The family members share a language pattern that the child must adapt to. From the brothers, sisters and parents a child develops this language. The child grows up learning the language pattern the f amily members teaches them. The family dictates the speech norms, and as a child, the individual grows knowing that this is the language pattern they have to follow. The network strength in this community is based on family ties. The strength is strong since the family has a close-knit nature. The family has a low multiplexity level since it includes members with bloodily ties. After the family, the child starts attending school. At this stage, the child witnesses many speech communities. This depends on their characters and the activities they participate in school. In class, there exists a speech community between the teacher, the pupil and fellow pupils. In this community, the members use a formal language pattern with simple vocabularies. The members also have formal ties that relate to the curricular. This speech community has a specific language pattern that all the members have to adhere to. The density of the network strength is loose between the pupils and the teacher. Howe ver, between the students, they share a strong network density. Multiplexity level in this community is regular in the sense that the teacher may be one of the pupil’s parent and a relative to a fellow student. At school, the individual develops a friendship with peers either in class or during extracurricular activities. This friendship is based on sharing a common interest and hobbies. The friendship develops into a speech community where a group of friends shares the same language pattern. The social network in this community is dense since the members share ideas and interactions at a regular basis (Wardhaugh 120). Multiplexity is also common since, in this friendship circles, the members can be related. In this community, there exists a speech norm that each member enjoys and understands. Although the members differ in personal characteristics, they share the same hobbies and interest. For instance, it is common that members of this speech share the same genre of music. This community can be from adolescence to early teenhood. From teen hood to adulthood, the individual meets up a new speech community. This is usually in institutions of higher learning. The first speech community is in class depending on the course the person is studying. This speech community is different from junior and senior school. At this stage, the vocabulary is complex, and the language is very formal. There exists a mutual relationship between the lecture or professors and

Morality and the crucible Essay Example for Free

Morality and the crucible Essay Morality is the distinction between right and wrong. It is the determination of what should be done and what should not be done; or what is right and what is wrong. Morals deal with behaviors as well as motives. All humans live by some set of morals especially religious people. In The Crucible by Arthur Miller, this is clearly evident. It is about the puritan town of Salem, Massachusetts and the hunt for witches. Many people are falsely accused of witchcraft. Throughout this account of history key characters have to make choices that challenge their beliefs and ethics. They must decide whether to do what is right, and fight against a lie, or do what’s wrong and give in to the lie to save their own lives. Elizabeth Proctor is one of those who fought for the truth, therefore she; in my opinion is the most moral character in the story. Elizabeth is the wife of John Proctor; reserved, honest, slow to complain, and dutiful. She and her husband share a similarly strict adherence to justice and moral principles. She has great confidence in her own morality and in the ability of a person to maintain a sense of righteousness even when this principle conflicts with strict Christian doctrine. She is well known throughout the village for being a very Christian woman, knowing all her commandments. Whenever her husband is confused or indecisive about something, she leads him onto the path of justice. For example, she urges him to stop the witch trials by revealing the truth about Abigail’s sinful, deceitful ways. When Her husband has to decide whether to be killed or confess to witchcraft, she doesn’t want him to give into a corrupt and unjust society. Although she doesn’t wish to lose her husband, she still doesn’t sidestep her morals and beliefs. Even at the end, when Proctor decides to die instead of signing a confession that would have been a lie, she doesn’t try to fight his decision but shows respect for his righteous choice when she says, He have his goodness now. God forbid I take it from him! † This shows that not only her own, but her husbands morals as well, were important to her. Out of all the characters in the Crucible, Elizabeth proved to be the most moral. In a society where it’s either, accuse or be accused, she chose to stick to her morals even if it meant her demise. She made a decision that was righteous in her eyes. â€Å"Often in true tests of moral character where people are tempted to deceive, be dishonest, or take advantage of each other, there are few who truly succeed. † This statement proved true, especially during the witch hunt, but Elizabeth Proctor was able to come out as one who succeeded in standing her grounds and protecting her morality.

Construction Industry In India | Profile

Construction Industry In India | Profile The present study reports profile of construction industry in India. It points that construction industry is one of the oldest industries providing ample employment to the people from village level to metropolitan cities. The size of construction industry ranges from small company owned by one or two individuals to a large industry employing thousands of people. In the present work inherent nature of construction industry have been discussed and concluded that it is infrastructure or capital formation industry, which directly and indirectly uses capital goods and all other types of resources. It has been also highlighted that government agencies has direct interference in construction activity right from acquisition of land to commissioning of the project. To face the temporal variation of feast and famine state of construction industry emphasis on systematized management has been suggested. Like any other business, failure of construction companies is also very common. This issue has also been overviewed. Incompetence, lack of experience, newness, smallness and financial handicap are the few reasons cited for such failures. It has been concluded that lessons should be learnt from failures as success is never final and failure is never fatal. It is the courage of management that counts. At last it is not failure but low aim is a crime. Key words: Construction industry, management, project, cost, infrastructure. 1. Introduction: Historically construction industry is one of the oldest and largest industry in unorganised sector providing ample employment to the people. Before the independence, the construction activity in India was confined to building of dwellings, religious places like mosques and temples etc. at individual and community level, with the use of traditional techniques, which are still being used in developing countries like India. The Taj Mahal and Lal Quila are the legandry example of competence of Indian talent in the field of construction .However very authentic record of the construction operation of these buildings are not available today. The history of systematised or organised construction practice in India can be traced back to around 1847 AD when Lord Dalhouise established the Public Works Department, called PWD, today, to construct civil engineering structure which included road, small dams, canals etc. The department worked successfully for 100 years. In 1947, the independent India decided to launch a mammoth multipurpose river valley project, called Bhakhra Nangal Project on the river Sutlej in the North West India for irrigation and power generation at a cost of Rs.7750 lakhs in 1952 which amounts today approximately more than Rs.100,000 crore in first five year plan in which 50% of capital outlay was allotted to construction of civil works.[5] The construction of Bhakhra Dam was taken by irrigat ion wing of PWD of Punjab with the help of technical knowhow from foreign help on cost plus basis. This can be considered as a major breakthrough in the field of construction by India as there were no big construction companies available at that time to take up such stupendous job and more over network analysis like Construction Planning Method / also known as Critical Path Method (CPM) and Programme Evaluation Review Technique (PERT) had not taken formal shape. The evolution of Indian construction industry has followed the same general pattern as happened in other countries, initially founded by the government and slowly taken over by small and big enterprises. During execution of Bhakra Nangal dam Indian government realised need of professional competence in the field of construction and the first professional consultancy company National Industrial Development Corporation (N I D C) was established in the public sector in 1954 .Subsequently a number of speciality companies in design and Construction came into existence like Indian Railways Construction Limited (IRCON),National Building Construction Corporation (N B C C),Rail India Transport and Engineering Services (R I T E S),Engineers India Limited(E I L) and in private M N Dastur Co.Hindustan Construction Company are the name worth to be mentioned. In late sixties government allowed foreign collaborations in these services .The guidelines for such collaboration were prepared and issued in 1968 with binding that local consultant would be the principal contractor in such collaborations .The objective behind such binding was to develop indigenous design capabilities comparable to in flown foreign technology and skills. The outcome of this strategy was establishment of joint ventures in India. 2. Construction and National Economy: By just using common sense it can be inferred that economic plans of any country is prepared to improve any particular sector of economy. Improvement or emphasis on any particular sector may or may not need help of other sectors like construction. A microscopic study of economy, irrespective of its state i.e. primary, secondary or tertiary, reveals that development of most of the sectors need help of construction. In nutshell, a gap between demand and supply is necessary for the development of a particular sector. Role of construction and its impact on other area can be seen from Figure 1.1 Thus it can be said that any attention to optimise construction activity will lead to reduction in waste of material, saving of energy and saving of time. This will certainly lead to reduction in cost over runs of other projects. Thus, construction sector is directly or indirectly influences the overall economy of the country. The pattern of Indian economy of last fifty years shows that construction work amounts to around 40% of development investment .Approximately 16% of Indian working population depends on construction for its living .The construction industry creates immobile assets worth over Rs.20000 crore by employing more than 3 crore people .It enhances nations GDP by 5% and gross capital formation of 78%.It is expected that total capital expenditure of state and centre will be approaching Rs.802087 crores during the period 2011-12. This amount indicates an enhancement of Rs.658500 crore from the figure of Rs. 143587 in 1999-2000.In the 21st century there has been an increase in the share of the construction sector in GDP and capital formation .The GDP from construction at factore cost or at current prices increased to Rs. 174571 crores (12.02 % of the total GDP)in 2004 -05 from Rs.16238 crores (10.39% of the total GDP in period 2000-01.The increasing involvement of the private sector in infrastru cture development through public private partnership and the strategy like Build Own Transfer (BOT) can be cited as the main factor for such increase in GDP. However there is always scope for more active participation from private sector in this direction through investment. There are around 200 firms from corporate sector, working in Indian construction industry .The number of registered class A contractors is around 120000 working for local development authority, state departments and central government bodies like CPWD. The number of small contractors and petty contractors working as sub contractors for principal contractors are enormous. So there is ample scope for expansion of construction industry at micro as well as at macro level in form of infrastructure development. NATIONAL ECONOMY Construction industry has some peculiar characteristics like any other industry. Firstly, it is a capital-intensive industry involving current and future outlays of funds with the expectation of a stream of benefits extending far into the future. Secondly, construction project takes a long duration to complete e.g. the Bhakra Dam took fifteen years for its completion (1950-1965) and they also have a long gestation period. Thirdly, the useful life of construction project of national importance is very long usually more than 60 years for most of the major constructions. Fourthly, in construction project, products and services are combined together. In construction, product is fixed and machine and men move, contrary to assembly line production in which product moves. Fifthly, a large construction needs a large land area. Acquisition of such land leads to payment of compensation to the owners of the land, which has legal and political over tones. In some cases like construction of dam, it needs rehabilitation of nearby villages. Such problems usually do not occur with the other industries. Sixthly, cost benefit analysis of public infrastructure created by construction activity such as roads, bridges and dams cannot be done with traditional concept of profit maximisation alone. Special economic tools like Social Cost Benefit Analysis (SCBA) and principles of welfare economics are essential for the valuation of such assets. Seventhly, two construction projects are not identical in every respect. Thus, construction project can be considered as a job work of a large magnitude contrary to any other manufacturing unit producing products at mass scale by a single machine. Eighthly, the human resource working in construction forms a temporary organisation for the project at the site and disperses in different directions as soon as the project is over. Ninthly, experience of generations plays a vital role as most of the construction material directly used after quarrying are the natural material and performance or relative merit of such material takes a long time for its pronouncement, the time may be in decades. Tenthly, death of workers during the execution phase of project is very common, so safety and precaution are primary concerns. Such peculiar characteristics of construction project opened the portals for the development of special managerial tools, like materials management, CPM and PERT to handle the project in a professional manner. In India, construction industry is fragmented and a sizeable construction work is performed by the unorganised sector. Such peculiar characteristic creates favourable conditions for the establishment of a new company. If Construction Company is weighed on the basis of men; material and money following facts come up. As most of the construction is done either on site or precast members, are fabricated and assembled on the site and most of the construction equipment are available on rental basis, thus a little capital is invested in fixed assets and machinery. Construction companies require relatively low working capital as after award of contract, company realises mobilisation advance from owner before starting the work. In India, companies, usually employ labour contractor for the supply of labour force. So very few employees are on the permanent pay roll of the company. These factors are responsible for the birth of small to very big construction companies. This introduces competition in the market. There are pitfalls but a professionally managed construction company is able to pay rich dividend to its owners/shareholders. 3. Constructions and National Development: For any developing country like India, development of infrastructure is the prerequisite for the economic progress of the country. To achieve this objective optimised construction is the need of the hour as capital is a scarce resource 4. Types of Construction: Total construction work can be divided into two broad categories viz. public and private. The public projects i.e. whose direct beneficiary will be the public, is usually handled by the government, of course govt. get it done by any contractor or by construction company by awarding the work through bids and tenders. It is public money or any financial aid or loan from agencies like World Bank, that is spent. Dams, Bridges, Canals, Metro Rail, Power Projects, DUDA,SUDA are typical examples of public projects. Private projects like house of an individual or construction of a factory, a nursing home, hotel or project in which taxpayers money is not involved can be categorised as a private project. Frankly speaking profit motive is always there in most of the private projects. In private projects, capital outlays are less as compared to public projects. Secondly in Indian working environment one cannot afford delay in private projects but cost over runs and delays in public projects are an everyday phenomenon in India. 5. Consumers of Construction Industry: Following are the consumers of construction industry: An Individual Group Housing Societies Centre, State, Local Government and Development Authorities. Corporate Sector Other countries at International level. Every consumer has own peculiar requirements, which are being described in following paragraphs. 5.1 Individuals: An individual needs the services of a construction company for the construction of individual house, which is ordinarily his dream house. In such construction, company cannot ignore individual taste and preferences. Persons who are executing the project have to help and arrive at a decision in advance on the item of choice and colour e.g. colour and size of tile of bathroom, colour, size and quarry of marble stone etc. if construction has to proceed smoothly. 5.2 Group Housing Societies: The housing demand will be around 31 million by 2015(MPRA 2008)In planning and designing of an apartment or building blocks for group housing society, the requirement can be classified into two broad categories. [13] First requirement is of an individual in his house. In a group housing most of the finishing items are left for the individual occupant so he could finish the house as per his choice, taste and preferences. Second requirement is the preferences of a group of people as a whole or community. requirement. To fulfil this requirement planner needs knowledge of architectural sociology, human behaviour, security aspect, and maintenance engineering practices, generosity of the people and cooperation among the people. 5.3 Corporate Sector: Corporate sector hires the services of Construction Company for commercial building, for factory or for office building etc. In such buildings, building economics, cost optimization, requirement of  future expansion and flexibility of the plan are the key issues.There is ample scope for creativity and innovation in corporate sector projects. 5.4 Government Construction: Local Development Authorities, CPWD, PWD of various states etc are the department which look after the construction of government sponsored, civil engineering works. Here Construction Company is guided by strict rules and regulations of the state, for such departments, time factor is least important. 5.5 International Contract: After the Second World War under developed, oil-rich countries were busy in creating infrastructure of the country to boost economic growth. Sometimes even developed countries need huge construction for the events like Olympic and Asian games. These projects are mostly financed by the user country or by some international financing agency like World Bank. In such cases international bids are invited. Construction companies from US, Great Britain, West Germany and France usually take the best part of these contracts. Now competition is increasing. Companies from Japan, South Korea and India are also getting business share in these countries in construction and in setting up of power stations and infrastructure. Those companies who offer turnkey services have bright chances of success in the competition when the nature of job is purely works contract. Here sub contractor is capable of mobilising construction equipments and manpower and gets subcontracts from principal contractor. Joint venture is a very common phenomenon in international contracts. 6. Main Organs of Construction Industry: There are three main organs of construction industry other than the consumer. The Owner The Consultant The Contractor 6.1 The Owner: Civil Engineering Projects are usually cost intensive. Usually the investor does feasibility study in advance. Any investor or promoter is worried about two things. Firstly investor is worried about the rate of return. Secondly the patterns of cash flow. The ideal situation will be high and early return. i.e. on what date what amount is required and from where the same will be arranged. The owner or promoter may be an individual, a government authority, a government department, a corporate house etc. 6.2 The Consultant: In Civil Engineering Projects, Architect, Engineer, Project Manager and Chartered Accountant usually form the panel of consultants. These persons advise the owner on the basis of their knowledge, experience, and know how. It is generally believed that any person who has experience and knowledge can give advice on a particular problem of his field. The basic function of an engineer is to design and do necessary permutation and combination to optimise the solution. Although consultant should have experience, knowledge and wisdom that all certainly come with age but people who are well versed with new material, new technology, new equipment and of course having a lot of energy and enthusiasm to do something new are also desirable on the project. 6.3 The Contractor: In Civil Engineering Project, contractor translates the blue print into reality with the help of work force and material. The practice of contractor ship in civil engineering is perhaps as old as civil engineering itself. A poorly written contract agreement is always a good cause of bone of contention. In contracts, one should always seek the help of a legal expert. This is imperative that owner himself should enhance his knowledge on the subjects like laws of contract, negotiable instrument act and consumer protection act etc. 7. Regulatory Bodies Related with Construction: Regulatory bodies related with any business can be classified into two broad categories viz. general and specific. Income Tax, Labour Court, Labour Union, Electricity Board are the departments with which every business organization has to deal, fall in general category. So every business organization should be well versed with the rules, regulation ,written and unwritten laws of these departments. The regulatory bodies specific to construction at local level are following: (1) Local Development Authority, (2) Pollution Control Board, (3) Water Works and Conservancy, (4) Local Police. 7.1 Local Development Authority: It is the first regulatory body, which is encountered in any construction. Most of the rules, regulations and byelaws of development authorities of province of Uttar Pradesh are given in the book Regulation of Building Operation in Uttar Pradesh. This very book every construction manager should have and should always keep himself in touch with the office of the development authority for the awareness of day-to-day changes in the working and rules and regulation of the authority. In fact, rules, regulation and bye laws are framed to provide healthy living but sometimes these laws are one sided i.e. in favour of government only. Thus, it is advisable that rules should not be violated in ordinary circumstances. However, there is always a provision for the compounding. This is to be weighed by the owners i.e. gain or loss on an unauthorised construction. 7.2 Pollution Control Board (PCB): Now a days regulation regarding environmental pollution have become very stringent in India to, like in advanced countries. Sometimes large projects like construction of power plant, multipurpose river valley project are stopped or even abandoned due to environmental considerations. Most common projects that have been in trouble in the recent past include Tehri Dam in Uttranchal and Narmada in Madhya Pradesh. Clearance from PCB is also necessary for construction of a factory or fabrication of a processing plant. The days are over when effluents were directly discharged into the river. There is no harm in conforming to PCB norms but sometimes these regulations are difficult to obey and PCB acts as a hassle. Planners are advised to incorporate PCB recommendation right from site selection to project formulation. 7.3 Water Works and Conservancy: If construction is to be done in urban area then very first question comes to mind is what will be the source of water during construction. If municipal water supply is used , municipality charges additional tariff on it. So it is advisable that first and foremost job of construction manager is to get a water pump installed and inform the municipality that public water is not being used for construction. The second thing in case of projects like hotel and apartment is the disposal of wastewater and night soil. It is obligatory upon liaison officer of the construction company or construction manager to initiate the issue for the permission of connection of sewer of the building to the municipal sewer. 7.4 Local Police: Local police plays an important role in any construction project in India because development authorities always take the help of police to meet their objectives or in case of mishappening on the site local police has to be taken into confidence. It is obligatory on the part of construction manager to maintain good relations with local police station and police officers of that area. Of course maintenance of such relations, always lead to additional expenditure on the construction company. 8. Business Opportunity in Construction Industry: Construction of infrastructure like road network, canals, urban development, extension and renovation of existing facility are few activities through which capital formation takes place in most of the countries of the world. So there is always ample opportunity for construction from village level to international level for the construction companies, depending upon size and ability and experience of the company. 9. Management in Construction: Based on work experience, it has been observed that most of the construction contractors manage their business in a very unorganised manner. This ultimately leads to failure of business. The numbers of small and medium size companies failures are much more. Construction industry has been characterized as weak inefficient, nebulous, backward and slow to incorporate changing conditions. In a nutshell majority of construction companies are poor absorber of management knowledge. The explanation given for it may be as under. Every construction project is unique in itself and does not need very strict technical standardization. An operation in construction work involves many skills and talent, mostly of non-repetitive nature. Remote location of the project, poor means of transportation and varying productivity of labour are some factors, which are beyond the contractors control. Thus construction business is volatile in nature with many ups and downs. Any construction activity is basically a manufacturing process. So the decision-making people are very few. Any delay in on the spot decisions, increases the cost and hampers the progress of construction. Such complexities lead to a managerial challenge. It does not mean management problems of construction are entirely different from other management problems. Like any other industry, construction industry is also experiencing cutthroat competition. Products and services of construction industry also face temporal variation in demand and supply. Such conditions necessitate the learning of managerial practice specific to construction. Today skilled management is necessary for the survival of construction industry. This maxim has not received adequate attention in construction firms in India. The result is high incidence of failure. 10. Failures of Construction Company: Any construction activity starts from scratch and passes through various intricate processes and finally project ends in a built up facility or reaches to start up phase of the project and finally project becomes operational. Like other business in construction business also ,there are many slips between cup and lip. The failure of construction business is a subject of analytical inquiry and a matter of concern. So many investigators have examined the issue. A few are being reported here. Dun Bradstreet (1985-1994) have studied the failure of Construction Company for many years (10 years). They list the following reasons for the failures.[1] Incompetence Unbalanced experience Lack of managerial experience Lack of experience in particular line Neglect Fraud Disaster Reasons unknown The first four items listed in above list account for over 90 percent of the failures. This fact exhibits that financial success of Construction Company depends almost entirely upon the quality of its management. Sometimes prolonged work, poor profit margin, lack of proper accounting procedure can be cited as reason for the failure. If we club all these reasons, it points towards poor management. Recently Kale and Arditi (1998) have done a thorough investigation in this direction. They conclude that newness, adolescence and smallness are three major factors, which are responsible for failure of construction companies.[2] Arditi et.al.(2000) found budgetary and macroeconomic issues as main reason. [8] Kivrak and Arslan(2008) have examined the critical factors causing the failure of construction companies through a survey conducted on forty medium and small size construction companies of Turkey .They have inferred lack of experience and countrys economic condition as influential factor for the failure.[7] In scholars opinion financial handicap is perhaps the root cause of failure, which is always associated with new companies. It may be concluded that in simple terms, if any one fails in any business, i.e. he could not understand the economics or intricacies or commerce of that business. There is no dearth of literature on the success stories of various companies. Unfortunately success is a public celebration and failure is a private funeral. So for a new entrepreneur, it is better to learn from failures rather than from success stories. In this regard scholar is of the view that foundation of right stepping stone always rests on wrong footprints. These wrong footprints are sometimes called experience. In a nutshell a new entrepreneur should know DONTS first rather than DOS. It is the first step to run the construction business. 11. The Construction Managers: The construction manager is the most critical resource in implementation phase of the project. He is supposed to discharge basic functions like organizing, staffing, directing, planning and controlling. A good performance of construction manager is necessary for the growth, development and success of Construction Company. Although the managers do not normally, carry out the construction work with their own hand, Yet they are responsible for keeping the project on schedule within the cost limits. They should have telescopic as well as microscopic vision on each and every step of construction operation, right from preliminary estimates and various types of costs to the final inspection and payment. In managing any construction project, personality of construction manager plays a vital role. This very trait can never be ignored. Mustapha and Naoum (1998) have investigated factors, which influence effectiveness of site managers. They are of strong opinion that personal variables as a whole have an impact on effectiveness of site managers.[4] The construction manager should also be capable of handling crisis and contingencies at site. Crisis and contingency do arise at construction site. Managers should be well equipped to deal with such emergencies. To deal with such contingencies collective effort is needed. Loosemore (1998) has identified effective responsibility and teamwork is the basic managerial tool to handle the crisis. 12. Need for Professional Competence: If a company or contractor is ignorant about his legal rights, entitlements and not vigilant, he will get partial success and will have to be contented with few chips of fruit produced by his hard labour and larger chunk will go to the owner who will seldom volunteer a helping hand. So there is an intense need to instil competence in the management of this valued industry. Introducing a comprehensive course of study, containing all the relevant aspects of construction management and by writing good books and doing research work, covering all aspects of the problem, can fill this gap. Since construction activities are carried out mostly at the construction site, which are usually far flung from main cities, the academician/authors, and the faculty may not be aware of the practical difficulties and nuances of construction management. These might be the reason that construction management has not received due place in the institutes, universities, colleges and in many management books. 13. Application of present paper: This research work will be useful to individual owner, consultant and contractor as well. If a young entrepreneur decides to enter in construction business he is being told in advance about the pros and cons of construction industry. If he plans his business and manages the construction work himself, by employing his own construction team and purchasing the material himself, he will certainly flourish. If the entrepreneur who is conversant with the nuances of construction management practice, can extract maximum from the contractor by applying the knowledge discussed herein, with not much difficulty and solving their problem in time without being deceived or cheated by any one. Consultants can use the present work for optimising the project during conception, definition and planning phase of the project. At last the maximum benefited is the contractor who feels the beat (profit) of the heart of construction project i.e. construction phase. 14. Conclusion Today, due to increased competition and the capital, which is scarce, large constructions like metro rail, infrastructure development, high-rise building cannot be handled without the use of modern construction equipment and modern construction management techniques to reduce time and to maintain higher standards of construction quality. On one hand, it is necessary to use modern machinery and latest construction management tools to optimise the construction activity to improve the physical productivity of fixed and variable factors of production. It does not mean that will leave thousands of labourers and other human resource jobless. It is an irrational thinking as it is well said that tomorrow will take its own course. Meticulous management of the finances is necessary for the exponential growth of the company. At last any productive activity serves the society so is with the construction activity. In broader sense every individual of the country will get benefit of increased productivity directly or indirectly through the created individual assets or public infrastructure.

Essay --

Few people know but, more than half of americans own an Apple product. The huge tech company was founded on April 1, 1976 by Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak. The company was later incorporated on January 3, 1977. Apple is known as one of the most advanced technology companies in the United States. Apple is behind the largest technological revolution in history. Apple has set itself above all other technology companies. The company has a certain way of leaving customers on the edge of their seats waiting for the latest and greatest Apple product. Steve Jobs and Steven Wozniak had been friends since high school, and they both were very interested in electronics. After they both dropped of school, both of them end up in a profession related to electronics. Jobs got a job at Atari, and Wozniak at HP. Wozniak had been the initial designer for the very first Apple computer. Jobs had an eye for the future and convinced Wozniak that they should sell the computer. Soon enough on April 1, 1976, Apple had begun. In the beginning people did not take Apple very seriously. In 1977 however Apple introduced the Apple II, that when the company took off. The introduction of the Apple II opened doors for the company. It was the first computer with a hard plastic outer shell, it also was the first computer that had color graphics. The Apple II was basically the start of the company. Another thing that boosted the company in 1978 was the Apple Disk II, which was just an easy, inexpensive floppy drive. With all the sales rising, the companies n umbers began to rise as well. In 1980 Apple had a few thousand employees. 1980 was also the year Apple released its latest computer the Apple III. It was in 1979 when Jobs and a few engineers began working on ... ...that received the licensing felt that Apple was too restrictive on their agreements. Through the years, Apples big problem was not just selling the computers, but building them. In June of 1995, Apple had over one billion dollars worth of backorders, and did not have the materials to build them. On top of the current problems Apple was facing, Windows had released its latest version of its software, Window ‘95, which was too similar to the Mac and yet more simplistic. Pretty soon Spindler was asked to resign due to major losses the company faced when Apple had posted a loss of sixty-eight million dollars due to a misjudge of the market. Spindler was replaced by Gil Amelio, who was previously the president of the National Semiconductor. Through 1996 and part of 1997 Ameilo did his best to help Apple bring back is profit, but in the end his efforts were unsuccessful.

Britain And America Revolution :: essays research papers

Since the historical conflict between Great Britain and her North American colonies began to unfold, historians have searched for the reasoning behind it. Many experts have discussed the various reasons for the conflict. Some experts believe the conflict occurred because America and Britain had become vastly different social and political entities. Others say that economical disagreements caused the conflict. However, these economical and social forces worked hand-in-hand to slowly erode away the binds that held America to its Mother Country. The traditional liberties of Britain and the newly established liberties of America were very different. After the French and Indian War, the colonies were “heavily'; taxed to sow together the damaged British pocketbook. These economical problems and social distinctions needed to be mended simultaneously or the war could not be avoided.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  First, the traditional liberties of Britain were considerably different from the political and social origins of America. From the beginning, America developed different character than its Mother Country of Great Britain. In New England, where the seeds of revolution were sown, merchants used their shipping trade to defy English duties on sugar. As a result of this, additional troops were sent to the colonies to enforce British laws. Later, when the Quartering Act was passed, Americans complained against not only the taxation, but also an infringement on their rights of property. Before the conflict between Britain and France over the Ohio Valley and Canada, America was given practically free reign over its political liberties too. It set up colonial legislatures and citizenship by the act of owning land. Its government system wasn’t based on birthright and a monarch, they were for individual freedoms and the right to participate in government. But when the “tyrannical'; King George jumped in demanding control of the colonies, they were angered and looked for a way to keep their liberties.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Second, America was taxed by the British government to decrease its national debt. Due to their differences in economic base, Britain was self-sufficient in manufacturing goods and the colonies in agriculture. They both needed each other to survive initially. Later, however, America grew more self-sufficient and was able to survive without Britain’s helping hand. America had developed ships to trade with, which were primarily based in the New England colonies. America developed a strong agricultural base and crop source in the southern plantations and middle, “bread';, colonies. They also utilized these economic resources by generating trade with other countries such as France and her West Indian colonies.

Death of a Salesman Essay Outline

Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller (1915-2005) Explore the ways in which Miller constructs the identity of Willy Loman and what is suggested by his interactions with his work and his wife in this extract. Thesis Statement:In the passage, Miller criticises society for being stifling and breaking down youths once full of passion into meek workers resigned to their fate. To convey this, Miller uses Loman, an exaggerated version of what the population is going through. They are battered from exhaustion, too accommodating as they are afraid of change and also mentally crushed.Topic Sentence 1Miller constructs the identity of Willy Loman as one that largely comprises of him being â€Å"the Salesman†. The entire dialogue in the passage was dedicated to work, although they were placed in a homely setting, showing that it is hard to separate the private self with the public working self. Evidence from passage: The identity â€Å"the Salesman† is one that identifies Loman the m ost accurately. The title, â€Å"death of a salesman†, also shows that the identity of being a salesman triumphs over all his other identities and even his name. He is also depicted to be living a very rigid, robot-like life.Evidence from passage: Each action is stated clearly in a mechanical manner. â€Å"He closes the door† â€Å"then carries his cases out into the living room† or â€Å"unlocks the door† â€Å"comes into the kitchen† â€Å"thankfully lets his burden down† â€Å"feeling the soreness of his palm† Topic Sentence 2Loman is also seen to be, after 60 years of his life in this stifling capitalism system, resigned to his fate. He is beaten down and is dubious of new prospects as he is much too comfortable and familiar to his current life. Evidence from passage:â€Å"You’re too accommodating, dear. â€Å"I couldn’t make it† â€Å"his massive dreams and little cruelties, served her only as sharp reminde rs of the turbulent longings within him, longings which she shares but lacks the temperament to utter and follow to their end. This inability to change his life in real life seems to manifest into wild imaginations, where he lives out his dreams. Evidence from passage: â€Å"But it’s so beautiful up there† Speaks of his dream-like imagination with wonder, although it was a dangerous situation. Topic Sentence 3Much like his name, â€Å"Willy†, Loman is seen to be much of a willy-nilly and seems disordered and haphazard.Miller constructs this through the use of the Loman’s erratic dialogue with his wife. The constant repetition of phrases and restating his points Evidence from passage: â€Å"I couldn’t make it. I just couldn’t make it, Linda†, â€Å"I stopped for a cup of coffee. Maybe it was the coffee. † Conclusion:Loman criticises society for breaking down a man, stripping him of his individual identity as a person and giving him the identity of a worker. This life manages to drive Willy to slight insanity, and self-doubt so serious that he is unable to provoke any change in his life.

How Society Is Affected by Gov Policies Essay

How society is affected by goverment policies, civil disobedience, This is the deliberate and planned breach of policy or law by an individual or group of people. It is usually done peacefully to highlight how inappropriate a law is and promote the need for a change in the law. Civil disobedience was a common tool in the black civil rights movement in the USA in the 1960s. Black people would deliberately break the racial segregation laws to show how deeply unfair they were and how much the law needed to change. A good example of this is the case of Rosa Parks, who in December 1955 refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man when asked to do so. She was arrested and her arrest sparked a chain of events which led to the US Supreme Court decision in 1956 that racial segregation on transportation was illegal. Demonstration and meetings, Meetings to discuss problems with government policy are very common. They are a way for like-minded individuals to air their concerns. Meeting can be held outside and include a march or demonstration to show the government or local authority the depth of public feeling against decision. A good example of this would be the rallies and protests organised by the Countryside Alliance since the UK government placed a ban on foxhunting. Terrorism, Terrorism is an extreme response to public policy. It involves an individual or group using violence or the threat of violence against civilian and military targets in order to force the government to change its policy.

Project management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words - 2

Project management - Assignment Example First the objective of the projects are essentials to define, then the goals of project will be stated clearly and communicated to the team members that are associated with the project, then tasks will be defined, after describing the task, resources required for the project are essential to define, the last two steps of project scope involve budgeting and scheduling (Dyal 2008). The critical path method could help penny in assisting scheduling and decision making. Penny could create efficiency, reduce uncertainty, and improve productivity through the help of critical path method. This can help in assess the earliest time by which the each activity can be completed. Through full project Gantt chart penny can evaluate the scheduling progress on the basis of individual task and whole project (Schwable 2013) Resource costing method is best to save the extra cost of utilizing resources; the second method is standard costing that helps in cost control, and the third method is activity based costing that determine the cost each activity required (Lewis 1995) Before starting any project risk assessment is the first step, risk occurs due to lack of tools, information and qualified employees. All uncertainties will be assessed through risk assessment data sheet and risk assessment matrix. Then the action plan will be created after conducting SWOT analysis of project, insurance will be taken to transfer risk and constant monitoring will be conducted to ensure the risk free status of the project. There are multiple evaluation methods but no can be said best; project evaluation methods include qualitative method. The formative evaluation methods are essential to lead up the project that is missing in the case study. The goal based evaluation is missed in the project that is necessary for any project and give ideas to the team members and management that how should the work be done in order to attain the stated goals. This evaluation encounters the SMART targets

Writer's Autobiography Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Writer's Autobiography Assignment - Essay Example This gave me an opportunity to read extensively. As such, I gathered knowledge on how to approach different topics. My tutor told me that, to develop fluency in language, there is a need to read extensively. This will not only develop my fluency in writing, but will also develop my speech. In my pre-school years, I remember playing reading games. This gave me exposure to the English language as I learned new vocabularies with each passing day. Apparently, some of the words were confusing. This encouraged me to search a dictionary to enable me understand the vocabularies. However, this was tricky. For example, some new vocabularies are not included in the older versions of dictionaries. Therefore, as I progressed in the reading games, I had to look for the latest dictionary. This proved a prudent approach in knowing new vocabularies. In the turn of events, I started to develop a passion of writing about any trending story. As such, I noted that I had developed an undying passion of writing for enjoyment. One thing i remember about writing is that, it helps in grasping different topics and giving the topics a different approach. For example, I could write about the same story using three different approaches. This was like playing with words to suit the same topic. I re member most of my classmates making requests for my writings to develop their language. I felt that my writing was appreciated in class. As a fact, this elevated my passion in writing. I felt that I could do better with enhancement in the efforts I made towards writing. Consequentially, I started concentrating in some of the topics that proved a hurdle. For example, physical geography involves visiting places and doing lots of research. However, I started writing about physical geography, though I had not visited some of these places. This sparked my imagination to a higher level as I had to do massive research on the places. I was astonished