CONTENT ON THE INTERNET FREE OR FETTERED Essay Example For Students

CONTENT ON THE INTERNET: FREE OR FETTERED? Article Focus:This paper looks at the idea of the issue brought about by conceivably hostile material on the Internet and sums up current endeavors to direct substance, alongside responses to those endeavors. 1. Presentation: what is the problem?Earlier a year ago, anybody could have been pardoned for accepting that the world had quite recently found the Internet, and that it had, all the while, reasoned that the Internet was flooded with obscene pictures, drugs data and general dangers to the security and great request of society. What was more awful was that no one gave off an impression of being accountable for this new wonder: in reality, it was gladly declared that nobody possesses the Internet, with the exception of maybe the a great many individuals all through the world who add to it in different manners. This is seen in numerous quarters as its significant advantage uninhibitedly accessible data from various sources however it has likewise come quickly to be viewed in certain quarters as its most stressing highlight. Everybody with access to the necessary innovation is allowed to make material accessible through the Internet, and there gives off an impression of being no power ov er that material thus the cyberporn banter, among others, started on the WWW, in the media, and in governing bodies. Thus, proposals have showed up which interface the utilization of the Internet with the Oklahoma besieging, fanatic political gatherings, the production of bliss and different medications, and with the prepared accessibility of explicit pictures and these are for the most part issues which open libraries and schools are worried about as they move towards giving access to the Internet. There were additionally fears that it was too simple to even consider finding this material unintentionally (as particular from intentionally looking through it out): again it was felt that there was a danger to the blameless and the unwary, albeit an examination, revealed in the Guardian paper, evaluated (Holderness, 1995) that the chances against finding an irregular obscene picture along these lines appear to be more terrible than 70,000:1. Given that a notable British broadsheet paper as of late recorded the URL of a World Wide Web (WWW) webpage which included connects to eight alleged top rack magazines, unintentional revelation can be viewed as an issue, albeit a few reporters have denied this, saying it expects exertion to discover these locales and to download pictures, etc. Accidental recovery of hostile material is likewise more uncertain because of the expanding utilization of admonitions put toward the beginning of WWW pages: my ongoing examination recommends that the quantity of these notice signs seems to have developed significantly of 81 locales I researched, 45% currently have an admonition notice which, in addition to other things, expects clients to be over the period of either 18 or 21. Now and again, clients are expected first to enlist by citing a Visa number: this isn't utilized to charge for get to, just to confirm age, and a couple of destinations have now started to cite the Communications Decency Act as an explanation behind requiring confirmation old enough. !Barely any of different destinations effectively forestall under-age clients from getting to the pages, however in any event there is no reason for not recognizing what the site contains. Obviously, many would contend that such admonitions will just serve to empower get to, particularly by kids and youngsters. It isn't especially hard to locate this material in the event that one is intentionally looking. The grown-up announcement board frameworks publicize openly in numerous magazines, including a portion of the now settled diaries for the Internet, while phone quantities of BBS and system addresses circle unreservedly in the newsgroups. On the WWW, the different web crawlers will recover Web pages with little trouble, utilizing catchphrases in refined pursuit methodologies. Educator Harold Thimbleby recommended (Thimbleby 1995) finally years British Association meeting in Newcastle that 47% of the 11,000 frequently rehashed look were explicit, however it is critical to take note of this doesn't show what extent of the absolute number of searches this speaks to: lamentably, Lycos won't discharge this data, so it is difficult to pass judgment on the general degree of such ventures (Whitney, 1996). In this way, enter the word sex on the Lycos web crawler (which records more than 130 million exceptional URLs, or Internet locations) and you will told that there are 30,976 reports containing that term. In any case, of the initial 50 URLs recorded, 27 (54%) showed up not to contain obscene pictures, yet were rather either genuine conversations of sexual issues, copy sections of one website, arrangements of newsgroups on the Internet, and so forth. So also, a pursuit on drugs discovered 92% of the initial 50 locales (17,504 were found) couldn't be considered as effectively reassuring medication use, and of the initial 50 reports recorded under explosives, 60% originated from associations with a genuine enthusiasm for explosives, for example, proficient organizations, and so on , albeit some of the rest of the destinations were portions of The Terrorists Handbook, which gives plans for bomb-production. The issue of precisely ascertaining the overall volume of possibly hostile material has confounded the Internet since its development originally got perceptible. It is too simple to even consider generating figures and afterward to utilize speculations and apply them to the entire of the Internet to make an inappropriate impression, however it is frequently this bogus observation which creates such a great amount of worry in guardians and administrators. This was a significant analysis of the investigation by Marty Rimm a year ago which included in Time Magazine , and was likewise utilized by US congresspersons pushing through the Communications Decency Bill. Rimms study (Rimm, 1995) was deciphered by US Senators as demonstrating that 83.5% of the Internet comprised of obscene pictures, when in actuality he just investigated the grown-up destinations and afterward stretched out his decision to the whole Internet. Looking at just grown-up locales, it was not really astounding that he could profess to have discovered a huge level of such pictures. An increasingly exact figure has been determined by Hoffman a!nd Novak, who point out that short of what one-portion of 1% (3% of 11%) of the messages on the Internet are related with newsgroups that contain obscene symbolism. (Hoffman and Novak, 1995). The point gives off an impression of being that, while this material is accessible over the Internet, it isn't there in the amounts which a few people dread, however it is exceptionally hard to change settled in mentalities. An old buddy who is a school custodian, let me know as of late that she is being given each consolation to give Internet get to. Her first inquiry was, But how would I stop the understudies discovering all the erotic entertainment?. When one page with the looked for after material has been discovered, it is typically conceivable to connect from that page to others on a similar subject, similarly as one can follow references in a diary article. Some WWW pages are essentially that: connections to other related pages, similar to lists of sources of their subject. The end is that material which could give offense and which officials in the UK, USA, Australia, Canada, Germany and New Zealand (to name yet a portion of the nations effectively examining Internet content) are worried about is there, however not in the amounts which a few parts of the well known media would have us think. Having said that, it creates the impression that a ton of utilization is made of these locales, particularly those giving the supposed obscene pictures, however a year ago. The Guardian additionally found that the explicit newsgroups created considerably less traffic than, state a gathering posting openings for work (Holderness, 1995). In an ongoing examination, I found a high of 58,198 gets to every day and a low of 198 for 12 arbitrarily picked locales: the normal day by day figure for these destinations was 14,578 gets to. Once more, this figure must be dealt with circumspectly, as it may not, for each situation, speak to the quantity of people getting to the we bsite, yet rather the occasions text or a picture was!downloaded: a few gets to may bring about numerous downloads. A few destinations guarantee gets to far in abundance of this: one million or more in a couple of months has been seen. This elevated level of interest is additionally a contributory factor in the fast turnover of destinations, which close down or are shut down consistently. The most continuous explanation behind conclusion is sheer over-burden on the server in question, which messes up different clients: 41% of destinations shut down throughout one examination and the absolute most every now and again refered to reason (58% of cases) was framework over-burden. Worry over legitimate activity or breaks of worthy use strategy will in general be less as often as possible refered to as explanations behind conclusion. The JANET Acceptable use strategy in the UK as of now denies the utilization of JANET for a scope of materials, including the disgusting, slander and copyright encroachment (UKERNA, 1995). We may likewise take note of that such destinations have a generally short life expectancy: 87% had been shut down inside a half year of start-up and 43% kept going just 2 months or less. Up until now, we have considered Internet access to the material which has made most revealed concern different gatherings, however in the event that we are thinking about the topic of free or chained access to organized assets, we may likewise take a gander at a wide scope of material which could be dependent upon analysis on totally various grounds, if simply because of the quickly expanding requests being set on Internet data transmission. Given that the first reason for the Internet was scholastic examination, for what reason should such recreational material as home pages for football clubs, famous music gatherings, TV or an understudies interests and leisure activities be permitted space on servers? Some place on the Internet, Im told, is a rundown of one youthful keeps an eye on CD assortment: is this a reasonable utilization of the assets? In the United States at any rate, the continuation of such destinations (also those containing the conceivably progressively hostile mater ial) are defended under the First Amendment, and they are suggestive of the adjustment in the na!ture of the Internet from scholarly exploration instrument to multi-media

College Laziness or Stupidity? The Internet Versus The Library as a Res

What makes the Internet so engaging? Regardless of whether it exists to have each response to each issue or that the Internet gives its clients a computer generated simulation to be whomever they so pick, the Internet can be viewed as something that has propelled humankind into another age while others consider the To be as a diabolical contraption that has destroyed society. Regardless of the Internet’s helpful highlights, the utilizations among normal understudies have ruined the possibility of the Internet being a spot to increase scholarly information and has transformed them into languid, slacker boneheads. The principles most understudies live by (regarding utilizing the Internet day by day) isn't sufficient to get them through at least four years of school. This can be expressed with the most extreme precision in light of the fact that to prevail at the most elevated level in school one must figure out how to utilize the library as an asset. The Internet makes up one of the most intensely utilized apparatuses that each understudy truly relies on. From gushing recordings to riding the web, it very well may be easy to just sort only a couple of words into the hunt bar and hit enter, in this manner disposing of long stretches of careless work that (let’s face it) no one enjoys doing. What ought to be called for is that numerous educators the country over ought to authorize an arrangement that confines understudies from utilizing the Internet as an essential source. The way that numerous understudies are set up to cut long periods of work that can help them later on is something th at necessities to change, and the main way it can is if instructors expect understudies to go through the library to look and use books as an essential source while scanning for data on ventures One of the numerous reasons that I disdain the utilization of the Internet being a conspicuous part in the life of ... ... Beneficial Things about the Internet. Today's Parent 08 2004: 151-2. ProQuest. Web. 28 Feb. 2014. Steinberg, Jacques. Free College Notes on Web: Aid to Learning, Or Laziness? New York Times, Late Edition (East Coast) ed.: 0. Sep 09 1999. ProQuest. Web. 28 Apr. 2014. Apr. 2014. Thompson, Christen. Data Illiterate Or Lazy: How College Students utilize the Web for Research. Portal: Libraries and the Academy 3.2 (2003): 259-68. ProQuest. Web. 28 Thurmond, Bradley H. Understudy Plagiarism and the utilization of a Plagiarism Detection Tool by Community College Faculty. ProQuest. Web. 28 Apr. 2014. Wang, Yu-Mei. Web Uses in University Courses. International Journal on E-Learning 6.2 (2007): 279-92. ProQuest. Web. 4 Mar. 2014. Wegner, Daniel M., and Adrian F. Ward. How Google is Changing Your Brain. Scientific American 12 2013: 58. ProQuest. Web. 5 Mar. 2014.

Difference Between Private and Public International Law free essay sample

Contrasts among private and open worldwide law In the investigation of universal law, a sharp qualification is typically drawn between open global law, worried about the rights and commitments of states regarding different states and people, and private worldwide law, worried about issues of purview, relevant law and the acknowledgment and authorization of remote decisions in universal private law debates under the watchful eye of national courts. Private worldwide law is seen as national law, which is and should be centered around settling singular private debates dependent on residential originations of equity or reasonableness. Some affirmation of the global element of private worldwide law issues is given through the pretended by the idea of ‘comity’, yet its status remains equivocally ‘neither a matter of outright commitment, from one viewpoint, nor of insignificant graciousness and positive attitude, upon the other. Thusly, open global law customarily disregards the investigation of private worldwide communications and questions, which are seen as outside its ‘public’ and ‘state-centric’ area. We will compose a custom exposition test on Distinction Between Private and Public International Law or then again any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page In this way, open and private global law are seen as particular controls, as two separate scholarly streams running in equal. Equity and the utilization of remote law If an adjudicator were to choose to apply outside law since it is more ‘just’ inits meaningful impact, they would substitute their own perspectives about equity for the judgment, the aggregate qualities, exemplified in the law of their state. No English adjudicator would move toward the issue along these lines †albeit some private universal law administers in the United States questionably license precisely this, proposing the ‘choice of law’ rules which decide the relevant law ought not be ignorant concerning the result of the cases to which they are applied, and hence the courts ought to be permitted to contemplate the meaningful results of decision of law choices. Judges are, notwithstanding, expected to apply law, not choose cases dependent on their instincts. In the event that an appointed authority chooses a case dependent on their favored result, at that point their choice doesn't mirror the law, yet the individual inclinations and even preferences of the adjudicator. This is the ‘rule of the judge’, not the ‘rule of law’ †in the customary law, ‘the judge’s obligation is to decipher and to apply the law, not to transform it to meet the judge’s thought of what equity requires’. Indeed, even with regards to love ‘politicised’ legal executive in the US legitimate framework, this degree of caution is as yet hard to accommodate with essential thoughts concerning the forces and capacity of the courts. This investigation recommends that the typical sense wherein the word ‘justice’ isused can't help as a support for decision of law rules. The possibility that ‘justice’ could work as a defense for applying remote law is by all accounts question-asking †since the issue is figuring out which thought of ‘justice’ ought to be applied. The typical significance of ‘justice’ may disclose to us minimal about decision of law rules, yet decision of law rules uncover something about our thoughts of equity. The use of an outside law on the grounds of equity assumes a basic acknowledgment that the result controlled by a remote law and maybe an outside court may, contingent upon the conditions, be more ‘just’ than nearby law. It recognizes that the ‘just’ result of a case for harms for a mishap in England, represented by English considerable law, would not be equivalent to the ‘just’ result of a case for harms for a similar mishap, on the off chance that it happened in a remote domain and was in this way administered by outside law. This uncovers a hidden promise to what is alluded to in this book as ‘justice pluralism’. The hidden avocation for the utilization of outside law should along these lines be an issue of setting †of deciding the suitable conditions for the use of neighborhood or remote guidelines of equity, the proper ‘connections’ between the question and the discussion or legitimate framework. This assurance can't be founded on common standards of national law, in light of the fact that the fact of the matter is to figure out which national law should apply. A focal issue in decision of law, is therefore the assurance of what gauges could be applied to distinguish when the utilization of a remote law is ‘just’. Equity and locale There are two on a very basic level various worries in an activity of national legal purview. The first is the presence of state power: regardless of whether the state has administrative authority over the contest. On the off chance that the state has authority, a subsequent concern emerges: regardless of whether the state court will practice this force. This qualification isn't equivalent to the differentiation between jurisdictional principles and discretions at the national level. A few principles of purview may decide, rather than or notwithstanding optional forces to remain procedures, regardless of whether state power is applied. Similarly, the activity of clearly optional guidelines could veil a fundamental goal of consistence with global constraints on legal power. It may not be left to the courts to decide, as an issue of legal restriction, regardless of whether administrative authority is worked out; however similarly, it might be left to the courts to decide if administrative authority even exists. In the customary law convention, the two unique worries behind principles of purview are darkened by the way that these hypothetical contemplations have been amalgamated in expansive optional tests. The differentiation is significant in light of the fact that rules which are worried about the presence of state power include on a very basic level various contemplations from those worried about its activity, despite the fact that this is regularly hard to identify practically speaking on the grounds that the two goals are much of the time tended to in (and clouded by) a solitary standard. Rules worried about the activity of ward will every now and again draw on national originations of the harmony between the privileges of offended parties and litigants, and the household assessment of down to earth contemplations, for example, the expense of the procedures to the state †matters which are a piece of every national origination of ‘justice’. On the other hand, rules worried about the presence of jurisdictional authority can't reflect national strategies or qualities, since this would make one wonder with regards to whether there is capacity to apply those arrangements. This part of the assurance of ward can't be founded on a national origination of private rights, on the grounds that no national framework could give position to a choice that such rights exist; it should accordingly be universal in character. The dissimilarity among open and private universal law has, be that as it may, consistently been more noteworthy in principle than by and by, especially aspublic worldwide law has re-extended to include private relations. Regardless of the predominance of the positivist viewpoint, private universal law rules proceed to reflect and duplicate basic thoughts of global request, with regards to private law †they establish a covered up (private) worldwide law. The choices of national courts in private universal law are a specific case of the marvel of a worldwide request developed by a disseminated worldwide legal system †a case of ‘peer governance’. For whatever length of time that this requesting is unrecognized and unanalysed, its justness goes unexamined. For this assessment to happen, the progression of the disparate surges of open and private global law hypothesis must be diverted back towards conversion. Maybe the most clear indication of the proceeded with impact of a worldwide point of view on private universal law is in crafted by global establishments worried about its harmonization. Various notable global lawful associations are in any event officially intrigued by private universal law, including the International Law Association, Institute of International Law and International Law Commission, in spite of the fact that by and by their spotlight has been only on open worldwide law. The General Assembly of the United Nations indicated an enthusiasm for the subject at once, yet separated towards an emphasis on the contending technique of considerable harmonization of private law. Crafted by the Hague Conference on Private International Law, which has been meeting normally since 1893 and turned into a lasting intergovernmental association in 1955, is in this way especially conspicuous and significant in this field. Its motivation, as characterized in Article 1 of its Statute, is ‘to work for the dynamic unification of the principles of private universal law’. Various arrangements on awide scope of topics have been stablished under its protection, both classifying existing global concurrence on private universal law and pushing for dynamic improvement in the law, in spite of the fact that their accomplishment in pulling in broad confirmation has been variable. Open worldwide law rules of purview The cutoff points on the administrative authority of states are communicated in open global law through the idea of ‘jurisdiction’. The limits of ublic global law locale involve some contention, however there is expansive concession to its general system. In open global law the term ‘jurisdiction’ is utilized in an a lot more extensive sense than in private worldwide law. In the co

Fear and the LSAT a mindful approach to test day jitters

Take a moment to envision your test day. You walk into the test center. It is a cool October day. Around you, students are rocking back and forth on their heels to release the nervous energy in their bodies. Some students seem to be entirely lost in their own world, while others seems hypersensitive to even the slightest unexpected movement. And, what do you feel? A void opens in your chest cavity. Your legs are shot with a strange sensation: you may at once run a marathon without tiring and simultaneously collapse under your own weight. Your heart seems to beat â€Å"deeper.† This sensation, of course, is fear. Fear is the mind’s instinctive response to a perceived threat. It is instinctive, in that you do not need to ask fear to come around. It seems to come of its own accord. Seems. In reality, fear is not inevitable. It is not unavoidable. Instead, fear is driven by the perception of a threat. Just a moment before you envisioned the test center, your body felt calm. Then, you envisioned the test center. You imagined yourself taking the test, your body experienced the test as a threat, and boom: fear. As an LSAT tutor, I have the opportunity to wear many different hats. Perhaps my favorite hat to wear is the hat of a guide through fear. There are many exercises that I invite my students to practice in order to develop a test-positive mindset, but one of my favorites is this: say thank you. When you feel that dread, that fear, do not resist it. Every force in this universe is met with an equal, opposite reaction. So it is with your mind. You fight the fear? The fear fights you. Instead, take a moment to close your eyes and focus on those areas of the body where you â€Å"feel the fear.† As you focus your mind on each, say to the fear, â€Å"I will not fight you. You are here to keep me safe. Thank you.† Have I lost you yet? Yes, it feels very â€Å"hippy-dippy.† But do it. And when you say it, try to feel genuine gratitude that your body has these mechanisms to keep you safe. We cannot overcome test anxiety by fighting it. We can, however, change our beliefs: about the fear that manifests in our bodies, about the â€Å"threat† of test day, and even about ourselves. You can try, try, try to fight test anxiety off. But in so doing, you are the right hand that is determined to punch the left hand into oblivion. Yes, that fear is a part of you. So is courage, joy, and every positive emotion that has lit you with ecstasy from the top of your head to the tips of your toes. This is not an exercise in taking the good with the bad. This is an exercise in realizing that there is no good, and there is no bad. There is only a young person getting ready for a test; a person with unbounded capacity for kindness, resolve, happiness, and yes†¦ fear. Depending on what situation you are in, you may need any one of them. Each has their place. So, stop fighting your fear because you are only fighting yourself. And, you are really, really cool! Not only that, you are more than capable of doing a great job on this test. Beat the LSAT with comprehensive support, tailored syllabi, and a data-driven approach. We meet with students in-person in Boston and New York, and online around the world. ; Want to learn more about the LSAT? Check out some of our previous blog posts below! What I wish I knew before starting my LSAT prep Five Dos and Don'ts of LSAT Test Day Dear LSAT taker: if you are hurting, read this

Toxic Air Pollution Today We Face A Major Threat

Toxic Air Pollution Today we face a major threat: global warming. People polluting the air constantly get so blinded by their own greed that they do not tend to realize what they have created. Humans have the biggest contribution to global warming, and the dangers will only get worse if nothing gets done. Our various toxic activities, such as working at power plants, drilling up natural gases and oil, and deforestation all emit greenhouse gases into the air, and because of these omissions large bodies of ice and oceans, the wildlife, and people s health will continue to get harmed extremely. Earth’s temperature will and have always increased for millions of years. In the past, the Earth’s temperature has changed due to natural causes;†¦show more content†¦Global warming tends to get ignored in today s society, which is why it has become a larger threat. Although many environmental movements pushed to better the environment, they have yet made any significant changes. We continue to witness our climate get torn apart due to harmful gas emissions and nothing will change if we sit and do nothing. The environment have become a huge target for greenhouse gases. Land ice, such as glaciers and icebergs, existing in different continents, have fallen victim to the toxic gases polluting the atmosphere. When greenhouse gases trap in heat, it affects colder locations that cannot sustain the higher temperatures. The warmth created by the gases causes the bodies of ice within those regions to melt. Scientist have observed that the gases have led to a massive decrease of ice in Antarctica and Greenland. As reported by the National Snow and Ice Data Center,they found that in Greenland â€Å"from 1979 to 2006, summer melt on the ice sheet increased by 30 percent, reaching a new record in 2007† (Quick Facts on Ice Sheets 2). In addition, â€Å"Greenland ice loss doubled between 1996 and 2005† (Global Climate Change 1). Antarctic have not faced as much effect compared to Greenland, but â€Å"in 2012, Arctic summer sea ice shrank to the lowest extent on record† and th ey still continue to slowly lose ice at a pace of â€Å"13.4 percent per decade†(1). Greenhouse gases also Toxic Air Pollution Today We Face A Major Threat Toxic Air Pollution Today we face a major threat: global warming. People polluting the air constantly get so blinded by their own greed that they do not tend to realize what they have created. Humans have the biggest contribution to global warming, and the dangers will only get worse if nothing gets done. Our various toxic activities, such as working at power plants, drilling up natural gases and oil, and deforestation all emit greenhouse gases into the air, and because of these omissions large bodies of ice and oceans, the wildlife, and people s health will continue to get harmed extremely. Earth’s temperature will and have always increased for millions of years. In the past, the Earth’s temperature has changed due to natural†¦show more content†¦Global warming tends to get ignored in today s society, which is why it has become a larger threat. Although many environmental movements pushed to better the environment, they have yet made any significant changes. We continue to witness our climate get torn apart due to harmful gas emissions and nothing will change if we sit and do nothing. The environment has become a huge target for greenhouse gases. Land ice, such as glaciers and icebergs, existing in different continents, have fallen victim to the toxic gases polluting the atmosphere. When greenhouse gases trap in heat, it affects colder locations that cannot sustain the higher temperatures. The warmth created by the gases causes the bodies of ice within those regions to melt. Scientist has observed that the gases have led to a massive decrease of ice in Antarctica and Greenland. As reported by the National Snow and Ice Data Center, they found that in Greenland â€Å"from 1979 to 2006, summer melt on the ice sheet increased by 30 percent, reaching a new record in 2007† (Quick Facts on Ice Sheets 2). In addition, â€Å"Greenland ice loss doubled between 1996 and 2005† (Global Climate Change 1). Antarctic has not faced as much effect compared to Greenland, but â€Å"in 2012, Arctic summer sea ice shrank to the lowest extent on record† and they still continue to slowly lose ice at a pace of â€Å"13.4 percent per decade†(Global Climate Change 1).

Julius Caesar Character Analysis - 1546 Words

Having trust is a great quality to have, but sometimes there might be one person that takes advantage of that trait. For example, once they start trusting people too easily they might, or will, start taking advantage of them. In one of Shakespeare’s plays, The Tragedy of Julius Caesar, it demonstrates that being too trusting of someone could end with bad consequences. In The Tragedy of Julius Caesar, one of the main characters, Brutus, trusted his best friend, Cassius, with everything. Brutus trusted that Cassius was right about him being a new ruler of Rome, how killing Caesar would make a safer and better living space for the community, and that the people would support Brutus while he was leading. Cassius saw that Brutus trusted him. He†¦show more content†¦One time Caesar dared Cassius to dive into the Tiber river and to race him to a certain point. Then Caesar cried out to Cassius that he needed help, otherwise he would drown. Then Cassius went to help him. This quote explains how Brutus can be too trusting because Cassius was telling him that he would be a much greater leader than Caesar. He tricked him into killing Caesar for â€Å"Rome’s sake†, while Cassius just wanted Caesar dead because he disliked him. This shows that it leads to Brutus’ downfall by Cassius saying that Brutus would be a much better leader, Cassius tricked him which lead to the whole downfall of Brutus killing himself Near the end of the play Brutus is kind of realizing that Cassius is not acting the way he usually is. He notices that Cassius really wants to kill Caesar.â€Å"That you do love me, I am nothing jealous; / What you would work me to, I have some aim; / How I have thought of this, and these times, / I shall recount hereafter. For this present, / I would not so (with love I might entreat you) / Be any further moved. What you have said / I will consider; what you have to say / I will patience hear, and find a time / Both meet to hear and answer such high things;† (1.2.162-170). This quote is saying that Brutus knows that Cassius loves him, He does not doubting what Cassius would do for him. Brutus has some idea of what Cassius is saying on what to do with Caesar. He willShow MoreRelatedCharacter Analysis of Julius Caesar1421 Words   |  6 PagesJulius Caesar Character Analysis Cassius Strengths and Weaknesses Cassius was one of the conspirators against Cesar and proves to be a powerful character in Shakespeares, Julius Caesar. He has much strength and very few weaknesses and this helped him achieve small goals that led to his main goal of killing Caesar. One of Cassius strengths is his ability to influence people using flattery and pressure. In Act 1, Scene 2, Cassius demonstrates this strength by influencing Brutus to think moreRead MoreJulius Caesar Character Analysis Essay1017 Words   |  5 Pages The author of Julius Caesar is William Shakespeare, an English poet, playwright, and actor, widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language. He was born on July 13 in 1564 and died in 1616. It was written to be a tragedy and was one of the seventh plays written off true events that happened in Roman time. Also includes Coriolanus, Antony, and Cleopatra. Drama of the play focuses on Brutus’ struggle between the conflicting demands of honor, patriotism, and friendship. Opens with â€Å"twoRead MoreJulius Caesar Character Analysis1332 Words   |  6 PagesBrutus’s Wife Of all female characters in Shakespeare, few possess the vigor and assertion that Portia demonstrates in Shakespeare’s classic political tragedy, Julius Caesar. Overshadowed by all of the chaos and unrest in the life of our protagonist, Brutus, a complex emotional and ethical journey is taking place, represented by Portia, Brutus’s wife. Portia exists in the text to shed light and understanding on an arch that isn’t always as apparent to the audience. In production of the play, directorsRead MoreJulius Caesar Character Analysis899 Words   |  4 PagesApparently, the North Star is also a pincushion. William Shakespeare’s play Julius Caesar, is about the assassination of the titular future king and the aftermath of this event. Julius Caesar was loved by all the common people but hated by the aristocracy. Many characters in this play end up dying due to this event. Many of them had thought themselves immortal. As a genius playwright, Shakespeare was able t o include hidden messages in his plays. In this specific play, he was able to demonstrateRead MoreJulius Caesar Character Analysis852 Words   |  4 Pagesdislike people. In this play, Julius Caesar, there were many different characters with many different personalities. I believe that Soothsayer is the most honorable character, and I believe that Brutus is the most corrupt. I believe that Soothsayer is the most honorable character for multiple reasons. One reason I believe this is because he tried to warn Caesar two times about the Ides of March. Caesar marked him as unimportant, and he ignored Soothsayer. Despite Caesar saying he was unimportant, heRead MoreJulius Caesar Character Analysis785 Words   |  4 Pageslanguage† (Keach 253). In the play Julius Caesar, William Shakespeare uses metals to add emphasis to the play. These references to metal are used in the play as a form of characterization, as a way to establish the mood, and as a way to explain the ideas of the characters. The characterization helps the audience to have a better understanding of the characters and their personalities, the mood further explains what the characters are feeling in relation to Caesar and his death, and they emphasizeRead MoreJulius Caesar Character Analysis842 Words   |  4 PagesWhen it comes down to identifying true friends, not everyone will show loya lty in the same way. In the play Julius Caesar by William Shakespeare, Brutus and Antony have flaws and varying beliefs which led them down different paths, as well as individual ways of displaying this ardent behavior. Everyone has different faults or quirks that can get in the way and cause us to do some pretty hurtful things. But Shakespeare shows us that although these flaws produce bad outcomes, they might have more positiveRead MoreJulius Caesar Character Analysis2014 Words   |  9 PagesJulius Caesar is a play about the death of Julius Caesar and how his death affects the Roman Empire. The play was written in 1599 by William Shakespeare. Even though the play is about Julius Caesar, the main character isn’t Julius Caesar, but really is Brutus. Brutus deals with internal conflict during the play because at first he doesn’t want to cause any harm to his emperor but Cassius convinces him that the other senators and he should do something about Caesar. Cassius is a nother senator forRead MoreJulius Caesar Character Analysis Essay834 Words   |  4 Pageswas once a friend that ended up costing someone’s life. In the play Julius Caesar the entire situation gets out of hand, Caesar had still thought his true friend, Cassius, was loyal to him. Cassius is to be known of betraying, his once good friend, Caesar. Even someone as loyal as one may think, everyone’s potential can be unexpected and hazardous. The situation gets even more out of control as Cassius decided to deceive Caesar, only then to hurt him in the end. Cassius appears to be a threat, althoughRead More Brutus Character Analysis in Shakespeares Tragedy of Julius Caesar964 Words   |  4 PagesCharacter Analysis: Brutus William Shakespeares play, The Tragedy of Julius Caesar, was mainly based on the assassination of Julius Caesar. The character who was the mastermind behind the assassination was, ironically, Marcus Brutus, a senator and close friend to Julius Caesar. But what would cause a person to kill a close friend? After I examined Brutus relationship towards Caesar, his involvement in the conspiracy and his importance to the plot it all became clear. Brutus had one particular

Jupiter Moons Essay Example For Students

Jupiter Moons Essay Jupiter, the largest of the Jovian planets, reigns supreme throughout the solarsystem. Named after the Roman god Jove, the ruler of Olympus; Jupiter isthe fifth planet from the sun and is also the largest planet in the Earthssolar system. It is 318 times moremassive than Earth and is two thirds of theplanetary mass in the solar system. Jupiters surface, unlike earth, is gaseousand not a solid. It is about 90% hydrogen and 10% helium with traces of methane,ammonia, water and rock. Jupiters interior is very similar to the Sunsinterior but with a far lower temperature.(Columbia) However, it is stillunknown for certain, but Jupiter is believed to have a core of liquid metallichydrogen. This exotic element can only be achieved at a pressure greater than 4million bars. Jupiter radiates more energy in space than it receives from thesun. Jupiters orbit lies beyond the asteroid belt at a mean distance ofc.483 million mi (773 million km) from the sun; its period of revolution is11.86 years. (S eeds) In order from the sun it is the first of the Jovianplanets (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune), very large, massive planets ofrelatively low density, having rapid rotation and a thick, opaque atmosphere. Jupiter has a diameter of 88,679 mi (142,800 km), more than 11 times thatof the earth. Its mass is 318 times that of the earth and about 2 1/2 times themass of allother planets combined. (Columbia) A measurement of thediameter of Jupiter determined the planets polar flattening. The flattening ofJupiter was revealed by Pioneer to be slightly greater than that derived fromthe best Earth-based measurements. The diameter of the planet was measuredat a pressure of 800 mbar near the cloud tops (a bar is roughly equal to thepressure of 1 atm of Earth). Its polar diameter is 133,540 km (82,980 miles) andits equatorial diameter is142, 796 kilometers (88,732 miles). (Seeds)These values were established by the timing of the occultation of the spacecraftby Jupiter. Thus, Jupiter is nearly 20 times more fattened than Earth,principally because of its non-solid state and its higher rate of rotation. Theaverage density of Jupiter, calculated from its mass and volume, was confirmedas 1.33 gm/cm^3 (th e density of water is 1). The atmosphere of Jupiter iscomposed mainly of hydrogen, helium, methane, and ammonia. It appears theatmosphere is divided into a number of light and dark bands parallel to itsequator and shows a range of complex features, including an ongoing storm calledthe Great Red Spot, located in its southern hemisphere and measuring 16,150 milong by 8,700 mi wide (26,000 by 14,000 km). (Columbia) This Great RedSpot is still present in Jupiters atmosphere, more than 300 years later. It isnow known that it is a vast storm, spinning like a cyclone. Unlike a low-pressure hurricane in the Caribbean Sea, however, the Red Spot rotates in acounterclockwise direction in the southern hemisphere, showing that it is ahigh-pressure system. Winds inside this Jovian storm reach speeds of about270 mph. The Red Spot is the largest known storm in the Solar System. With adiameter of 15,400 miles, it is almost twice the size of the entire Earth andone-sixth the diameter of Jupiter itsel f. (Fimmel) The Great Red Spot wasfirst detected by Robert Hooke in 1664. Jupiter has no solid rock surface. Onetheory pictures a gradual transition from the outer ammonia clouds to a thicklayer of frozen gases and finally to a liquid or solid hydrogen mantle. The Spot and other markings of the atmosphere also provide evidence forJupiters rapid rotation, which has a period of about 9 hr 55 min. This rotationcauses a polar flattening of over 6%. (Columbia) The temperature ofJupiter ranges from about -190? F (-124?C) for the visible surface of theatmosphere, to 9? F (-13? C) at lower cloud levels; localized regions reach ashigh as 40? F (4? C) at still lower cloud levels near the equator. Jupiterradiates about four times as much heat energy as it receives from the sun,suggesting an internal heat source. This energy is thought to be due in part toa slow contraction of the planet. Jupiter is also characterized by intensenon-thermal radio emission; in the 15-m range it is the strongest radio sourcein the sky. Jupiter has a simple ring system that is composed of an inner halo,a main ring and a Gossamer ring. To the Voyager spacecraft, the Gossamer ringappeared to be a single ring, but Galileo imagery provided the unexpecteddiscovery that Gossame r is really two rings. One ring is embedded within theother. The rings are very tenuous and are composed of dust particles kicked upas interplanetary meteoroids smash into Jupiters four small inner moons Metis,Adrastea, Thebe, and Amalthea. Many of the particles are microscopic in size. The innermost halo ring is toroidal in shape and extends radially fromabout 92,000 kilometers (57,000 miles) to about 122,500 kilometers (76,000miles) from Jupiters center. It is formed as fine particles of dust from themain rings inner boundary bloom outward as they fall toward the planet.(A Role Of Airplanes In World War II EssayIt orbits Jupiter every 7.2 days at a distance of 1.1 million km/700,000 mi. Its surface is a mixture of cratered and grooved terrain. Molecularoxygen was identified on Ganymedes surface in 1994 (Ganymede;Helicon). The space probe Galileo detected a magnetic field around Ganymede in 1996;this suggests it may have a molten core. (Hamilton). Galileo photographedGanymede at a distance of 7,448 km/4,628 mi. The resulting images were 17 timesclearer than those taken by Voyager 2 in 1979, and show the surface to beextensively cratered and ridged, probably as a result of forces similar to thosethat create mountains on Earth. Galileo also detected molecules containingboth carbon and nitrogen on the surface March 1997. Their presence may indicatethat Ganymede harbored life at some time (Hamilton). Callisto is theeighth of Jupiters known satellites and the second largest. It is the outermostof the Galilean moons and was discovered by Galileo and Marius in 1610. UnlikeGanymede, Callisto seems to have little internal structure; However, there aresigns from recent Galileo data that the interior materials have settledpartially, with the percentage of rock increasing toward the center. Callistois about 40% ic e and 60% rock/iron (Callisto;Helicon). Callistos surfaceis covered entirely with craters. The surface is very old, like the highlands ofthe Moon and Mars. Callisto has the oldest, most cratered surface of anybody yet observed in the solar system; having undergone little change other thanthe occasional impact for 4 billion years (Callisto;Helicon). Thelargest craters are surrounded by a series of concentric rings that look likehuge cracks but which have been smoothed out by eons of slow movement of theice. The largest of these has been named Valhalla (right). 4000 km in diameter,Valhalla is a dramatic example of a multi-ring basin, the result of a massiveimpact (Callisto;Helicon). In terms of the mass of Earths Moon,the masses of the Galilean satellites in order of distance from Jupiter werefound to be: Io, 1.21; Europa, 0.65; Ganymede, 2.02; and Callisto, 1.46. Themass of Io was 23% greater than that estimated before the Pioneer odyssey. Thedensity of the satellites decreases wit h increasing distance from Jupiter andwas refined as a result of Pioneers observations. Ios density is 3.52;Europas, 3.28; Ganymedes, 1.95; and Callistos, 1.63 gm/cm^3. The outersatellites, because of their low density, could consist largely of water andice. All four satellites were found to have average daylight surfacetemperatures of about-140 C (-220 F) (Columbia). A second group iscomprised of the four innermost satellitesMetis, Adrastea, Amalthea, and Thebe. Discovered by E. E. Barnard in 1892, Amalthea has an oblong shape and is 168 mi(270 km) long. Metis and Adrastea orbit close to Jupiters thin ring system;material ejected from these moons helps maintain the ring. The final groupconsists of the eight remaining satellites, none larger than c.110 mi (180 km)in diameter. Four of the outer eight satellites located from 14 million to16 million mi from Jupiter (22 million-26 million km), have retrograde motion,i.e., motion opposite to that of the planets rotation. The other four havedirect orbits. It is speculated that all eight might be captured asteroids(Seeds). When it is in the nighttime sky, Jupiter is often the brighteststar in the sky (it is second only to Venus, which is seldom visiblein a dark sky). The four Galilean moons are easily visible with binoculars; afew bands and the Great Red Spot can be seen with a small astronomicaltelescope. Jupiter is very gradually slowing down due to the tidal drag producedby the Galilean satellite s. How will this effect it and its moons? We currentlyknow that the same tidal forces that are slowing Jupiter down are changing theorbits of the moons, very slowly forcing them farther from Jupiter. Asadditional data is gathered and technology enables a new fronitier, only thenwill we know the fate of Jupiter. Until then we can merely speculate its finallife as a Jovian planet. BibliographyBibliography The Columbia Encyclopedia, Fifth Edition. Copyright ?1993,Columbia University Press. Licensed from Lernout ; Hauspie Speech ProductsUSA, Inc. Pioneer: First to Jupiter, Saturn, and Beyond: Chapter 6A Results AtThe New Frontier; Fimmel, Richard O.; Van Allen, James; Burgess, Eric;09-01-1990 Ganymede; ( The Hutchinson Dictionary of Science ) ; 01-01-1998,Helicon Publishing Ltd. 1998. Io ; ( The Hutchinson Dictionary of Science ) ;01-01-1998, Helicon Publishing Ltd. 1998. Callisto; ( The Hutchinson Dictionaryof Science ) ; 01-01-1998, Helicon Publishing Ltd. 1998. Europa; ( TheHutchinson Dictionary of Science ) ; 01-01-1998, Helicon Publishing Ltd. 1998. Seeds, Michael A., Foundations of Astronomy; copyright 1994, Wadsworth Inc. Copyright ? 1997-1999 by Calvin J. Hamilton. Copyright ? 1998 The Associationof Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc. Author not available, Astronomy:Common Terms in Astronomy. , The New York Public Library Science Desk Reference,01-01-1995.

USF Corporate Essay Example

USF Corporate Essay USF Corporate Travel, like any other modern business today, needs to have an online presence. Networks have become a global tool that is used as platforms for any organization to remain competitive. Installing a Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) is one of the recommended methods of implementing a network through which all computers within an organization can be connected to achieve a smooth flow of information and execution of business processes. USF would like to increase their corporate image by allowing potential and existing customers to use their laptops while they are in their premises. Even though different models of the WLAN exist, they have a common vulnerability which is security.   These vulnerabilities or threats to security can be curbed or reduced to an acceptable level that will cause minimal loss for USF Corporate Travel.To thoroughly understand the security implications of the implementation of WLAN, it is important to take a look at the concept, technology and ar chitecture of Wireless LAN Technology. This insight is necessary so that USF Corporate Travel can make an informed decision as to the most appropriate way of deploying the Wireless Local Area Network.The Concept of WLANA Wireless Local Area Network is a type of network that does not rely on wired connections to be functional. It may be implemented as an extension of or as an alternative to a wired LAN. Data is received and transmitted over the air (Proxim, 1998).The speed of a WLAN ranges from 1 to 54Mbps though some manufacturers offer up to 108Mbps solutions. A WLAN signal can cover areas ranging from small offices to large campus and areas. Several standards of WLAN hardware can be found, for example, 802.11a, b and g standards are the most common for home access points and large businesses. There are different types of technology utilized in implementing wireless technology and one of them is the Narrowbandechnology, which involves spreading and receiving information on a specif ic radio frequency. The second is the Spread Spectrum Technology which is implemented via Frequency-hopping spread-spectrum and the direct sequence spread-spectrum. Also, there’s the Infrared Technology which is also very popular (Proxim, 1998).Wireless LANs use electromagnetic waves to communicate information without the need of any physical connections. Access points are used to transmit and receive information and are thus called transceivers; one single access point can support many users. LAN configurations can employ peer-to-peer topologies and complex networks offering data connectivity and roaming facilities. IEEE 802.11b/WiFi standard encryption for wireless networking has been replaced by the more secure IEEE 802.1x standard, which comprises three different sections: Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP), Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP), and 802.1x (Proxim, 1998).Benefits of WLANIt is more flexible than wired Ethernet connections. Users and Staff of the company can move around the office space and still remain connected to the network. The installation procedure of a WLAN is easier and more cost-effective because it eliminates the need to run cables around the building; it also eliminates the cost of labour required in installing cables all over the building. Even though the cost of setting it up may outweigh that of a wired connection, over time, it proves to be more cost-effective due to the innovative technologies that are continually introduced into the market (Proxim, 1998). Another major benefit of a WLAN is that the configurations to the wireless networks can be easily changed and modified to fit the organization’s mobility requirements. Other major benefits include the ease of deployment, flexible installation options and scalability. WLAN security may be compromised by the effects of Denial-of-Service attacks, spoofing and eavesdropping (Proxim, 1998).Vulnerabilities of Wireless NetworksThere are inherent security flaws in Wir eless Local Area Networks. IEEE 802.11 is a standard model of WLAN and this is used as reference in the discussions contained in this document. There are numerous reasons while wireless systems are seen as insecure and not secure suitable enough even though it provides excellent network connections. Most of the data sent via wireless networks are protected by encryption at the low level but there are still some vulnerabilities at higher levels (Komu Nordstrom, 1999).One of the major vulnerabilities of Wireless LAN is that an intruder can easily block an entire radio channel used for communication by transmitting junk over that channel. This is a form of Denial of Service (DOS) attack that can prevent legitimate users from gaining access to network systems. WLANs can also be exploited by stealing the laptop of a legitimate user and gaining unauthorized access to the network (Komu Nordstrom, 1999).The authentication procedures used for logging onto the network are quite unreliable and this may subsequently lead to the compromise of security settings, information and possibly, loss of millions of dollars. With Wireless networks, only the data that is transmitted is encrypted.   Data headers are not encrypted and as such, it becomes possible for anyone to decipher the source and destination of the data being transmitted.With WLANs, data is sent through air and this leaves it open for intruders to intercept whatever information is being sent. Data is vulnerable to being sniffed by anyone who already has access to the network Another major problem with wireless networks is that the management of the keys that facilitate access to networks is done by an operator (Komu Nordstrom, 1999).Accessibility is another major feature of WLANs that make them easy to attack. Wireless LANs are very easy to access because they need to announce their existence so that existing and potential clients can connect directly to them. This is possible through a special feature known as b eacons. These beacons have no privacy functions. The only security methods that can be implemented at this level are encryption and strong accesses control (Johnson, 2002).Rogue access points can be created by any malicious attacker. Access points can be purchased from a store, and used to connect to corporate networks without a hitch. These pose security threats to the entire network (Johnson, 2002).How can we improve the Security of Wireless LANs?Adopting a layered approach is one of the most recommended methods for securing the Wireless Network. This includes locking down communication between devices, and monitoring neighbouring air spaces to ensure a safe implementation of the WLAN. Sensitive traffic may also be monitored through the use of Virtual Private Networks and Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS). An effective IDS should be stationed at all access points to monitor 802.11a/b/g protocols and analyze them for signals of attack or irregularities (Khatod, 2004).There are othe r ways of improving the security of Wireless LAN systems. By following the approaches outlined below, information assets of organizations can be kept reasonably safe. Unauthorized access points, user stations, laptops and printers constitute significant threats to network security. The default configuration of these systems offer little security to the entire network and can easily be misconfigured. Intruders may also use any of these insecure stations as an entry point to attack the network (Khatod, 2004).Neighbouring Wireless LANS located within the same area also present certain security risks because they may attempt to access an organization’s network and thereby interfere with the existing wireless channels. There are however, certain software that can help to identity unauthorized access points and network vulnerabilities. For example, NetStumbler and Kismet. These are however limited and involve the system administrator walking across the area and scanning for threats in the air. The recommended way to detect rogue stations and connections is by continuous monitoring. A continuous network monitoring strategy should be adopted through the use of wireless intrusion-detection sensors (Khatod, 2004).All access points should have security and management features. MAC (Media Access Control) address filtering is another method of securing the wireless network and preventing it from abuse. MAC address filtering is used to determine and filter which computers can connect to the network. Larger enterprises that have a huge number of computer systems may however, not be able to use MAC address filtering effectively and may employ the use of Remote authentication dial-in service (RADIUS) servers.Also, to prevent pople from connecting to the Wireless LAN without the organization’s knowledge, access points should be configured not to allow slow connections which are typical from stations close to the area where the WLAN is deployed. Encryption and auth entication are the main methods of security used by Wireless LANS these days. Unfortunately, they are not fool-proof.   In 2001, Hackers where able to show how the Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP), a standard method used for the encryption of 802.11 WLANs could be cracked. Many organizations after seeing this illustration became wary of deploying WEP and this made their networks more exposed (Khatod, 2004). To combat intrusion, it is important to set and enforce WLAN policies. This will help to prevent security breaches and attacks. Examples of policies that may be implemented limiting WLAN traffic to selected channels, speeds, and durations (Khatod, 2004).Major Access points running default configurations need to activate this WEP facility so that unauthorized access can be prevented. Unauthorized access can cause bandwidth charges and legal and security problems. 802.1x is a modified version of wireless connectivity that is more secure and allows the selection of an authentication mode based on Transport Layer Security (TLS) to ensure users attach only to authorized access points (Johnson, 2002).ReferencesJohnson, B. C. (2002). Wireless 802.11 LAN Security: Understanding the Key Issues. SystemExperts Corporation.Khatod, A. (2004, November 4). FIve Steps to WLAN Security. Retrieved December 11, 2008, from Computer World: http://www.computerworld.com/mobiletopics/mobile/story/0,10801,97178,00.htmlNordstrom, M. K. (1999). Known Vulnerabilities in Wireless LAN Security. Retrieved December 10, 2008, from http://www.niksula.hut.fi/~mkomu/docs/wirelesslansec.htmlProxim. (1998). What is a Wireless LAN? Proxim.

Well regulated militia

A Well regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear arms , shall not be infringed. Amendment II, Bill of Rights Constitution of the U.S. The Second Amendment has been a major issue in American politics since 1876. In question is the intent of this Amendment. Was it meant to insure that people in general have arms for personal service, or was it intended to insure arms for military service? The nation's powerful gun lobby, the National Rifle Association, holds that it means the right to keep and bear arms -any arms. This privileged right is given to those 60-65 million people who choose to own guns. The NRA also believes that human character defects cannot be changed by a simple regulation of guns. They argue that problems with firearm ownership cannot be, in any way, associated with criminal violence. The lobbyist give credibility to this statement by adding that criminal violence continues to increase in cities like New York and Washington DC, even though gun control statutes were put into affect. They point out that gun laws would not have stopped most addicted killers. According to the NRA, anti-crime measures are the way to conquer urban violence, not anti-gun measures. The hope of most members in the association is to educate people about guns. The association is willing to reveal proper usage of guns to non-gun owners. They feel that this training could help reduce some of the tragedies involving guns. The issue of gun control has become a dividing line in America. To gun control activists, the issue is about crime and the regulation of the weapons used to commit these crimes. In their opinion, law abiding citizens should have no need for guns. In this respect, the big controversy seems shallow . However, to t...

Research Proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Research Proposal - Essay Example While a minimum amount of mobility of faculty is healthy, high rates of turnover exist and entrances are not favourable. The departure of any faculty member disrupts the teaching and research program and leaves the students without any familiar advice. High turnover usually leads to soaring administrative cost requirement for recruitment, selection of faculty, training and development of the new faculties. In addition, the remaining faculty shoulder the increased workloads without any increase in pay. The turnover rates can affect the prospective employees of the universities and leave a negative impact. High turnover is often associated with poor productivity, lesser job satisfaction and also stress among the members. The disruption and cost of faculty turnover has also lead to other undesirable outcomes which tend to be less noticeable than dispirited and overworked remaining faculty. In a survey conducted by Virginia University, it was analysed that the computer science department had the highest rate of turnover and the female’s undergraduates represented the highest rate of turnover. The unwanted outcome which gets associated with turnover often get exacerbated when faculty for replacement are hard to find (Cohoon, Shwalb & Chen, 2003, p. 1). According to a study conducted in Texas it was analysed that the faculty turnover rate averaged to about 6% for public universities and is said to have remained unchanged from the fiscal year 1999. The faculty turnover is lower at better and larger established universities. It was found that universities with 500 tenured had overall turnover rate of about 5% and it was 7% for other institutions (Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board, 2001). Faculty turnover has different meanings at different ranks. For example, at the level of assistant professors, turnover reflects voluntary movements with respect to other institutions and involuntary mobility and at this stage it reflects voluntary mobility. At the profe ssor level, it reflects voluntary mobility and also retirement decisions. Studies have suggested that, in addition to other factors, the faculty member’s salary is one of the major influences leading to faculty turnover but no study has yet addressed the extent to which the salaries or compensation tends to affect the faculty turnover rate (Ehrenberg, Kasper & Rees, 1990, p. 3). As per research, it was found that the reason for faculty members to stay or leave depends on the age of the professors. The relation between the age of the faculty and rate of turnover tends to follow a U-shaped curve as researchers have found that younger members have a high rate of departure, which declines during mid-career and rises again during retirement period (Ingersoll, 2001). As per the findings from other universities, most of the universities have researched and found the reason behind the high rate of turnover mainly through primary research based on questionnaires. The respondents will be the senior professors, associate professors and also the assistant professors. The same technique was used by Texas Higher Education to arrive at the conclusion as to why the turnover rate was high (Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board, 2001). Similarly, the Patriot University in Boston would follow the same technique to determine the problem statement of high turnover rate at the University. Research

Try to defend dualism as a viable philosophical position. Entertain Essay

Try to defend dualism as a viable philosophical position. Entertain objections to your arguments and reply showing how dualism c - Essay Example Dualism is the concept that declares that the brain is not everything and that there is a mind that exists apart from it. In fact, the idea of dualism has extended from metaphysics to religion, psychology and phenomenology. Dualism is not only about the physical and the nonphysical; it is also about good and evil, mental states and outward behavior, as well as neural connections and physical action. One of the arguments for dualism is the Knowledge Argument, or the idea that the physical and mental substances seem to have properties which are irreconcilable, or that the mental substances have properties that can never be reduced to physical forms. Thus, as the goal of the Knowledge Argument is to argue for the existence of the â€Å"irreducible [and] immaterial nature of the mind† (Robinson), then it is an argument for dualism. In a thought experiment that demonstrates the validity of the Knowledge Argument, a scientist who is deaf from birth has learned all the perfect scient ific understanding of the mechanism of hearing, but when this scientist undergoes an operation to restore his hearing, â€Å"it is suggested that he will then learn ‘something’ he did not known before† (Robinson). ... It is true that the knowledge one has of hearing, such as its anatomical and physiological aspects – or â€Å"how to hear,† can be reduced to the physical and can be proven by physical experiments. Nevertheless, â€Å"what it is like to hear† can only remain mental and the existence of such somehow prove the validity of the Knowledge Argument and of Dualism as well. However, one objection to this argument is the idea that â€Å"physical concepts [such as â€Å"how to hear†] and phenomenal concepts [such as â€Å"what it is like to hear†] are cognitively independent† (Nida-Rumelin). Based on the previously discussed thought experiment, it is possible for the scientist to know phenomenal hearing or â€Å"what it is like to hear† simply from knowing the physical concept of â€Å"how to hear.† This therefore means that â€Å"what it is like to hear† is actually an entirely different piece of information from â€Å"how to hea r† and thus the former cannot be regarded as the irreducible mental property of the latter. My reply to this objection is that although the physical may be considered different from or unrelated to the phenomenal, the mere fact that the phenomenal is distinct from the physical is a proof that there are indeed two aspects of something: the physical and the nonphysical. The objection presented against dualism is weak as it simply evades the issue by criticizing the connection between the physical and the phenomenal. Aside from the Knowledge Argument, dualism is also argued for by the validity of predicate dualism. Predicate dualism is the concept which states that â€Å"psychological predicates are not reducible to physical

Jahari Window Essay Example for Free

Jahari Window Essay The Johari Window, named after the first names of its inventors, Joseph Luft and Harry Ingham, is one of the most useful models describing the process of human interaction. A four paned window divides personal awareness into four different types, as represented by its four quadrants: open, hidden, blind, and unknown. The lines dividing the four panes are like window shades, which can move as an interaction progresses (Daft, 2011 pg. 273-276). The Johari Window concept would be particularly helpful for leaders to promote understanding employee/employer relationships and is a simple and useful tool for illustrating and improving self-awareness, and mutual understanding between individuals within a group. The Johari Window actually represents information such as feelings, experience, views, attitudes, skills, intentions, motivation, etc, within or about a person, in relation to their group, from four perspectives (Daft, 2011, pg. 275). The Johari Window model can also be used to represent the same information for a group in relation to other groups. Johari Window terminology refers to self and others: self means oneself, ie, the person subject to the Johari Window analysis. Others means other people in the persons group or team (Dart, 2011, pg. 275). The Johari window, essentially being a model for communication, can also reveal difficulties in this area. In Johari terms, two people attempt to communicate via the open quadrants. On the simplest level, difficulties may arise due to a lack of clarity in the interaction, such as poor grammar or choice of words, unorganized thoughts, faulty logic etc. This induces the receiver to criticize you, the sender, by revealing something that was in your blind quadrant. Then, if the feedback works, you correct it immediately, or perhaps on a more long term approach take a course in reading and writing. On a deeper level, you may be in a group meeting, and while you secretly sympathize with the minority viewpoint, you voted with the majority. However, blind to you, you actually may be communicating this information via body language, in conflict with your verbal message. On an even deeper level, you in an interaction with others, may always put on a smiling, happy face, hiding all negative feelings. By withholding negative feelings, you may be signaling to your friends to withhold also, and keep their distance. Thus, your communication style may seem bland or distant (Chapman, 2010).

Sports and Race in Washington, DC Essay -- Essays Papers

Sports and Race in Washington, DC In 1947, Jackie Robinson broke Major League baseball’s color barrier. He went on to become a symbol of positive change in the United States, an early indicator of the impending civil rights movement. During the 1940s, ‘50s, and ‘60s African-Americans were gradually hired into each of the major professional sports leagues. In fact, the sports arena was one of the first places where blacks were accepted on a national scale. However, not all professional sports teams welcomed black athletes with open arms. Unfortunately, segregation in professional sports occurred right here in the District long after Jackie Robinson played his first game for the Dodgers. The National Football League’s Washington Redskins, who played their home games in the District of Columbia, were still segregated in 1961. Not only were the Redskins still segregated, they were the only team in the NFL who had not yet signed a black player. The owner of the Redskins, George Preston Marshall, was a pompous racist, unwilling to curb his prejudices. Marshall’s only concerns were making money and staying loyal to stodgy and bigoted politicians in power at the time. Marshall paralleled the governmental institutions of the early 1960s. He conducted business and made money at the expense of African-Americans and ignored their needs, just as the government often ignored the needs of African-Americans of Washington. In fact, the Redskins’ target audience until the mid-sixties was primarily not Washington, DC, but the south. America’s south, like the District of Columbia, had a large African-American population that had been abused for hundreds of years with the institutions of slavery, and segregation. African-Ameri... ... though unintentionally, the move will be in the direction of a constituency they cultivated for a good deal of their existence† (Denlinger M4). The â€Å"constituency† that Denlinger is speaking of is the south. For years, Marshall marketed his team to a white southern audience with radio and television contracts. At the time of Marshall’s ownership the south was an area of the United States that was home to rampant racism. To George Marshall, the southern audience was key; it seemed to enjoy the all white Redskins in the 1950s, and supported the team. Building the team a stadium outside of the city would simply bring the team back into the shadow of George Marshall. Marshall catered to a southern audience during his time as owner, just as Cooke wished to cater to suburbanites with his stadium plan. In both cases, the fan base of the District appears to be ignored.

Personality at Selection Interview

Assignment – Personality Personality can be defined as those relatively stable enduring aspects of an individual that distinguish him/her from other people and at the same time form a basis for our predictions concerning his/her future behaviour. (Wright et al cited in Rollinson 2005) This definition represents the view that it is possible to identify an individuals stable and unchanging personality and characteristics, and that if the characteristics are identified they can be used to predict the persons future behaviour. Organisations differ greatly in their cultures and acceptable behaviours which means that some individuals naturally fit in better than others. (Rollinson 2005:85) Job roles themselves also differ in terms of the suitability of an individual’s personality in being successful in that job role. Therefore in determining the importance of personality at selection interview we need to determine what both the role and the organisation require. (Rollinson 2005:85) In the work environment the â€Å"fit† of a person has to be right in terms of skills and experience as well as values and needs. Holbeche: 2002). Person-organisation fit refers to the extent to which individuals and organisations share similar characteristics (personalities) or meet each others needs. The assessment of personality is carried out to determine desirable or un-desirable traits of candidates to assess their suitability for a role and/or organisation (Arthur:2005) Getting this right can lead to job satis faction and organisational commitment. (Kristoff:2000) When an employer is recruiting the psychological contract has some importance. The psychological contract implies a series of mutual expectations and satisfaction needs arising from the P-O relationship (Mullins:2010) P-O fit is likely to be more important than P-J fit in satisfying the psychological contract (Morley:2007) in that employees will be required to adapt to changes in tasks and gain new skills. It is argued that greater emphasis should be placed on the P-O fit as opposed to the more traditional method of P-J fit because firstly individuals will hold several roles within an organisation therefore their P-O is more important than the possibly less lexible P-J fit, they will hold the organisations values and culture closer and will have longer service therefore lowering recruitment costs. (Ree and Earles 1992) Secondly the changing nature of work requires individuals to be better at teamwork and more flexible. I believe that when recruiting graduates P-O fit is more important as opposed to P-J fit. Graduates are recruited to provide organisations with a potential pool of future managers and enhance succession possibilities. Morley:2007) Graduates have little experience in the work environment so are less able to translate their skills, qualifications and experience into the working world. If an employer has a clear understanding of their organisations culture, personalities of other employees and can accurately determine the personalities and beliefs of the graduate they can base their decision on the graduates enthusiasm, motivation and eagerness to work rather than skills, qualifications and experience. In a study by Wheeler et al (cited in Rollinson 2005) it was found that job satisfaction could be increased by increasing P-O fit, that is recruiting employees with similar values to the organisation. However, Wheeler also found that even though an ill-fitting individual resulted in job dissatisfaction, they would not leave the organisation unless suitable alternative work presented itself. This could lead to them being de-motivated, having poor performance and impact on relationships with colleagues. This shows the importance of getting personality right at selection interview. Person-job (P-J) fit refers to the correlation between the individual’s skills, qualifications and experience with the requirements of a job. (Edwards:1991) and is a traditional method of employee selection (Werbell and Gilliland:1999) P-J fit is most widely determined through proof of an individuals skills, qualifications and experience through certificates and references and questioning around their knowledge on a topic. I have personally heard colleagues question the importance of personality on some roles such as accountants which would initially strike you as being weighted heavily on their skills, experience and qualifications however how well would an accountant perform if they did not have the personality traits to communicate effectively with colleagues and customers? Differing roles do also require different personalities in order to be successful irrespective of the organisation. Receptionists, sales person or customer service representative require the ability to cope with stress and deal with individuals with differing priorities. Gatewood et al:2005) In considering the importance of personality in selection interview it would be sensible to consider how stable and unchanging a person’s personality is. Are we seeing a current snapshot of the individuals personality or will it change overtime? Rollinson (2005) writes that if personality is an ongoing developing process it would be al most impossible to develop valid ways to measure it and would be pointless in attempting to predict future behaviour. Idiographic, one of the two major theories on personality, focuses on personality developing and changing as a result of ongoing experiences. However, Costa and McCrae (1992) wrote that personality is relatively stable after the age of 30 therefore using personality in making selection decisions would be possible due to the stability of personality. Looking at Nomotheic theory, the other of the two major theories of personality, which assumes personality is stable and un-changing, it was noted that there are 5 distinct differences between people known as the Big Five and often referred to as OCEAN. These are: †¢ Openness (perceptive, sophisticated, knowledgeable, cultured, artistic, curious, analytical, liberal traits) †¢ Conscientiousness (practical, cautious, serious, reliable, organised, careful, dependable, hard-working, ambitious traits) †¢ Extraversion (sociable, talkative, active, spontaneous, adventurous, person-orientated, assertive traits) †¢ Agreeableness (warm, trustful, courteous, agreeable, cooperative traits) †¢ Neuroticism (emotional, anxious, depressive, self-conscious, worrying traits) The Big Five can be split into type theory and trait theory. Mullins cites Hans Eyesneck work in which he identified four main personality types. These are stable extraverts,(talkative, responsive, easygoing, lively carefree) unstable extraverts,(impulsive, changeable, excitable, restless) stable introverts (calm, even-tempered, peaceful, thoughtful) and unstable introverts. (anxious, moody, reserved, pessimistic) Mullins writes that if managers can predict future behaviours through an individual’s personality type then it is not surprising that psychometric tests to measure personality are growing in popularity. Trait theory is then broken down again into surface traits (those which are observable) and source traits (which can only be inferred) In theory surface traits could be observed through assessment centres. Mullins writes that the Big Five form the basis of standard personality questionnaires and of these five conscientiousness has the highest link with high levels of job knowledge and performance across a range of occupations. So, according to this, it would be beneficial to an organisation to determine candidate’s personality in order to recruit an individual who has a good score in conscientiousness. However, Maltby et al (2010) writes that if we were to employ the conscientious person with their practical, cautious, serious, reliable, organized, careful, dependable, hard-working and ambitious traits, would they be suitable for a role requiring innovation and creativity and are they flexible and adaptable to cope with the rapidly changing world of work? He questions the applicability of conscientiousness across all job roles. In considering the impact of personality on our relationship at work with colleagues I believe that emotional intelligence has a strong link with aligning personality with successful performance and relationships at work. Emotional Intelligence is defined as a person’s ability to manage themselves as well as their relationship with others so that they can live their intentions (Adele:2008:7) and can be broken down into five specific areas. These are Self awareness, empathy, social expertness, personal influence and mastery of purpose and vision. Each of these areas could have an impact on our relationships with colleagues. Self awareness is an understanding of how our behaviours or words affect others. If we have self awareness we are able to apply self control to change our actions should they be having a negative effect on colleagues. A self aware individual would know when their mood is impacting on others and alter it accordingly. Self awareness is an area looked for in the emotional intelligence of sales people and interview questioning based around the impact of previous experience of their positive and negative impacts on co-workers would be useful in identifying this area. (Adele 2008:17) Empathy is an understanding of others feelings and perspective and the ability to experience what someone else is feeling therefore giving a better understanding of our colleagues. It is the ability to respectfully listen rather than listening to refute or build our own case. A customer service representative who empathises with an irate customer rather than just demanding their account number will better diffuse a volatile situation. (Adele 2008:54) Marshall Goldsmith (â€Å"The world authority in helping successful leaders get even better†) described not listening as the most passive-aggressive form of disrespect shown to colleagues. Social expertness is the building of social bonds which allow us to work with others, share thoughts and ideas, build trust and resolve conflict. The reason that top executives fail is because of their failure to build interpersonal relationships rather than their technical competence. Personal influence is our ability to influence other towards goals or missions and to influence ourselves in taking initiative and displaying confidence. A recruiting manager would be looking for signs at interview that a candidate can prove they have got people to previously follow them irrespective of their differing levels. Mastery of purpose and vision is our ability to understand what our purpose is and therefore determine what types of emotions help us to live our life purpose. It allows us to manage our emotions and relationships. This is also the determining factor as to whether the organization and role is â€Å"fit† for us. Interview questions based around a candidate’s worst and ideal job as well as what inspires and bores them at work can help identify the â€Å"fit† of an individual’s personal purpose to an organization. (Adele:2008:131) Candidates demonstrating emotional intelligence at interview take responsibility for their actions rather than blaming others or playing the victim. (Adele:2008:146) Studies carried out by Grimsley and Jarrett (cited in Adele:2008) concluded that managers displaying higher emotional intelligence were more successful. Anderson and Shackleton (1993) carried out a study on the comparison of the strength of different variables in predicting eventual job performance at the point of selection. Their findings show that personality assessments have a 0. 38 correlation, intelligence a 0. 54 correlation, and structured interview 0. 62. Previous experience and the CV came in lower than all these at 0. 18 and 0. 37 respectively. (0. 1 being small, 0. 3 being medium and 0. 5 being large correlation) Showing in this study that personality assessment has an important role in predicting job performance, above that of the CV and previous experience. Maltby et al 2010) When putting the theory of personality into practice within the work environment, organisations must be clear on why they are assessing personality and what personality characteristics they are they are looking for. (Torrington et al:2011) A clear job description and person specification which requires skills, qualifications, experience and personal ity traits relevant to the job role is key, according to the CIPD, in creating a fair selection process. Should an applicant who is unsuccessful in being selected for interview threaten or indeed commence tribunal proceedings, the organization has a clear framework on how selection for interview and employment was made. Torrington et al also write that a method of defining the person specification is to focus on the characteristics or competences of individuals who have previously performed best in the role. This has positives in that these characteristics are producing individuals who perform well for the business however this method could produce employees who are very similar to one another and address problems with the same mindset. Personality questionnaires are based on the Nomotheic theory that personality is stable and unchanging. The most recognized personality questionnaire is the Myers Biggs Type Indicator (MBTI) based on the theories of Carl Jung. The questionnaire is developed on the understanding that it is of benefit to people to recognise their individual personality types, and how these differ from those of other individuals. The MBTI is an untimed questionnaire which asks respondents to choose between two opposing courses of action, or two words, depending on what they feel is closest to their natural preference. The MBTI measures 4 preferences Extraversion or Introversion, Sensing or Intuition, Thinking or Feeling and Judging or Perceiving. People’s four preferences classify them into one of 16 types. Descriptions are given of the characteristics of people of each of the 16 types. Each type is described as having positive qualities and strengths, as well as possible development needs. The questionnaire receives 4 stars from the Psychological testing centre. (The British Psychological Society:2011) An employer using MBTI can use the information given on the individual’s type to further question them at selection interview. Toplis et al (1997) have concerns that the lack of involvement of psychologists in marketing and selling personality testing packages results in too many tests being released for general use without the required intellectual support. He is also troubled by the increasing use of computer-based tests, particularly to score and interpret results, believing that the accuracy of some systems is not particularly high. Personality assessment is based on the belief that certain roles require particular personality and that tests can identify them. The use of ability tests and competence based interviewing as opposed to personality tests are more easily defendable in an employment tribunal due to the tangible results being right or wrong whereas with personality tests there are no right or wrong answers and are not as easily defendable should the need arise. There are questions over their validity in so much as practitioners can be trained with a basic knowledge of administering tests and interpreting their results. The British Psychology Society give an overall rating for validity and objectivity of tests. There is the argument that candidates may be able to manipulate their results to perform in a way they believe the employer requires. (Furnham:1990) therefore invalidating the results and potentially basing a recruitment decision on in-accurate information. In my experience this is where the face to face interview is of vale in verifying and questioning further the results of any personality testing. i. e. Do the results of the personality testing match the behaviours and characteristics of the person sat in front of me? Recruiters may be influenced by striking characteristics or similarities to themselves called the Halo Effect. The Halo Effect can be defined as a cognitive bias whereby the perception of one trait (i. e. a characteristic of a person or object) is influenced by the perception of another trait (or several traits) of that person or object. (Mullins 2011) An example would be judging a good-looking person as more intelligent. The Halo Effect can have a positive or negative effect. For example, someone who attended the same college or university as the recruiter could be at an advantage but someone who attended a college or university the interviewer perceives to have a poor reputation could put the candidate at a dis-advantage. Solomon Asch (1945) carried out a study that discovered that the presence of one trait often implies the existence of other additional traits and that certain traits can be characterized as central traits. For example, an individual described as warm is perceived to have positive traits such as happy and generous. An individual described as the cold would have the opposite perceived traits. Another example is when individuals believe that a happy person is also friendly or that quiet people are timid. On the other hand, people who are irritable may be seen as in disarray in their daily life. Therefore, people assume other individuals' personalities are in doubt using little information. It is often the case that people judge more favourably those individuals with whom they have something in common. An experiment carried out at the Penn State College of Medicine asked 35 interviewers and 135 interviewees to complete the MBTI. The results were not shared prior to face to face interview. The experiment concluded that there was a significant association between similarities in personality type and the rankings that individual interviewers assigned to each interviewee. In this circumstance it is important to be mindful of the effect an individuals personality may have on the outcome of the interview. Employing more than one selection tool does not eradicate the possibility of recruiting an unsuitable candidates. The use of personality data in the selection process, when gathered appropriately, can be valid information in making a contribution to the selection decision however it should not be used in isolation. Personality tests results can be used at interview for the basis of further investigation into applicant abilities. Skills, experience and qualifications are important criterion. Dependent on the role and organisation for which selection is being made will determine the weighting placed on each. If using any form of testing in the selection process employers need to pre-determine the worth of testing and weigh up the benefits, such as increased productivity, with the cost including purchasing a reliable and validated resource and training recruiting managers to correctly interpret reports. There is, therefore, in my opinion an importance to be placed on personality at selection interview which for me slightly outweighs the importance of skills, qualifications and experience especially when considering the knock on effect that a mismatch of person-job or person-organisation could have on the relationship with colleagues. An organization needs to be clear in what personality traits they are looking for before even advertising a role as the wording of an advertisement could attract and alienate certain personalities. Once at selection interview, managers should consider how they are fairly going to assess personality if using their own judgment. Do they have a fail safe scoring system to measure personality against that cannot back-fire in the event of an employment tribunal? Thought should also be given to how a candidate has completed any personality test i. e. to what extent have they thought about themselves in the work situation when completing it? Are they naturally nervous when asked to complete any test and therefore put at a dis-advantage? If personality is un-stable and changes over time, would it be wise to re-test individuals? Organisations are fluid and changing constantly. Teams, managers and individuals change. , What was once a good â€Å"fit† may not be in the future. References Adele, B (2008) The EQ Interview. AMACOM Books Anderson, N. D. Shackleton, V. J (1993) Successful selection interviewing. Blackwell Publishing Arthur, D. (2005) Recruiting, Interviewing, Selecting and Orienting New Employees. 4th ed. New York AMACOM Page 368 British Psychological Society (2011) found at http://www. psychtesting. org. uk/test-registration-and-test-reviews/test-reviews. cfm? page=summary=82 CIPD (2011) Selection Factsheet (online) available from http://www. cipd. co. uk/hr-resources/factsheets/selection-methods. aspx Costa, P. T, McCrae, R. R (1992) Four ways five factors are basic. Personality and Individual Differences, Vol. 13, No. 6. (June 1992), pp. 653-665 Edenborough, R. (2005) Assessment methods in recruitment, selection and performance a manager’s guide to psychometric testing, interviews and assessment centres. London: Kogan Page. Page 2 Edwards, J. R. (1991). Person-job fit: A conceptual integration, literature review, and methodological critique. In C. L. Cooper & I. T. Robertson (Eds. ), International review of industrial and organizational psychology (vol. 6, pp. 283-357). New York: Wiley. Furnham, A (1990) Can people accurately estimate their own personality test scores? European Journal of Personality, no 4, pp. 319-327 Gatewood, RD. Field, HS. Human Resource Selection 5th ed. Mike Roche. Page 601-603 Holbeche, L. (2002) Aligning Human Resources and Business Strategy. 2nd ed. Butterworth Heinemann. IRS Employment Survey July 2010 – accessed through employer login at www. xperthr. co. uk Kelly, G. A. (1955). The psychology of personal constructs (Vols. 1 and 2). New York: Norton. Kristof-Brown, AL. (2000) Perceived applicant fit: Distinguishing between recruiters’ perceptions of person-job fit and person organization fit. In Personnel Psychology, 53 (4), 643-671 Maltby, J. Day,L . Macaskill, A. (2010) Personality, Individual Differences And Intelligence. 9th ed. Prentice Hall. Michael J. Morley, (2007) â€Å"Person-organization fit†, Journal of Managerial Psychology, Vol. 22 Iss: 2, pp. 109 – 117. Emerald Group Publishing Ltd. Mullins, LJ. (2011) Management and Organisational Behaviour. th ed. Financial Times: Prentice Hall. Page 134 – 162, 240 Rees, MJ. Earles JA (1992) Intelligence is the best predictor of job performance. Psychological Science, 1, 86-89. Rollinson, D. (2005) Organisational Behaviour and Analysis: An integrated approach 3rd Ed. Prentice Hall Asch, S. E. Studies in the principles of judgments and attitudes: II. Determination of judgments by g roup and by ego standards. /. soc. Psychol. , 1940, 12, 433—465. Thorndike, E. L. (1920). A constant error on psychological rating. Journal of Applied Psychology, IV, 25-29 Toplis, J. Dulewicz, V. Fletcher, C (2004) Psychological testing: a managers guide. 4th Ed. Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development. Torrington, D. Taylor, S. Hall, L. Atkinson, C (2011) Human Resources Management. 8th ed. Financial Times Prentice Hall Werbel, J and Gilliland, S. W (1999). Person-environment fit in the selection process. In G. R. Ferris (Ed. ) Research in Personnel and Human Resources Management, 17, 209-243 Wheeler, A. Gallagher, V. Brouer, R, Sablynski, C. †When person-organisation (mis) fit and (dis) satisfaction lead to turnover. In Person Organisation Fit 2nd ed. By Morley, M. London: Emerald, Page 203.

Organizational Behavior Of An Automotive Manufacturing...

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